International Journal of Science Annals SOCIAL SCIENCES. Education & Educational Research ORIGINAL RESEARCH Training of Future Specialists in Higher Educational Institutions AuthorsтАЩ Contribution: Melnyk Yu. B.1,2 ╨Р╨Т╨бDEFG, Pypenko I. S.2,3 ╨Р╨бDE A тАУ Study design; B тАУ Data collection; 1 National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine, Ukraine C тАУ Statistical analysis; 2 Kharkiv Regional Public Organization тАЬCulture of HealthтАЭ(KRPOCH), Ukraine D тАУ Data interpretation; 3 Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Ukraine E тАУ Manuscript preparation; F тАУ Literature search; G тАУ Funds collection Received: 01.08.2018; Accepted: 22.08.2018; Published: 30.11.2018 Abstract Background and The research deals with studying issues concerning training of specialists in high Aim of Study: school and the studentтАЩs role in this process. The perspective trends of training specialists in higher educational institutions are determined. They relate to such, where the university is a configuration part of much bigger establishments and processes and where it corresponds to the social and individual demands of the youth. The aim of the study: to ascertain competences, pedagogic technologies and methods, demanded by cadets and students, as well as to forecast perspective trends of studying in higher educational institutions. Material and Methods: A set of methods is used to study issues of training specialists in high school: collection of information, systematisation, rating assessment, analysis and results interpretation. The dispersion coefficient of Kendall concordance is calculated, its significance is proved on the basis of determining PirsonтАЩs criterion for the significance level of 5% and 1%. The research was held in the academic years of 2013-2018 on the basis of National Academy of National Guard of Ukraine within the framework of the subject тАЬUniversity EducationтАЭ. The average number of respondents was 535 people (35 groups), who studied at the Humanities Faculty, The Technical Faculty, the Faculty of Economics and Management. Results: It is specified that there is a tendency of decreasing number of students who want to study in higher educational institutions. The demand of the student youth is determined for competences, pedagogic technologies and methods which are mostly required in high school. It is proposed to specify competences classification and content of the notions тАЬprofessional competencesтАЭ and тАЬspecial competencesтАЭ. Conclusions: On the basis of modern scientific and technical achievements, application of educational logistics and social demand, the main tendencies and future trends of training specialists in higher educational institutions in IT-sphere, technical, military, economic, medical and educational fields are forecast. Keywords: high school, training of specialists, student youth, professional competences, special competences, educational logistics. Copyright: ┬й 2018 Melnyk Yu. B., Pypenko I. S. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI and UDC DOI 10.26697/ijsa.2018.1-2.01; UDC 373.29+355.343::711.57 Conflict of interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: Departmental sources Information about Melnyk Yuriy Borysovych (Corresponding Author) тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527- the authors: 4638; YBM.office@gmail.com; Doctor of Philosophy in Pedagogy, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy; National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine; Founder and Chairman of the Board, Kharkiv Regional Public Organization тАЬCulture of HealthтАЭ, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Pypenko Iryna Sergiivna тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5083-540X; edu.center.office@gmail.com; Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, Associate Professor, Director of the Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH; Kharkiv Regional Public Organization тАЬCulture of HealthтАЭ; Kharkiv, Ukraine. 4 Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 2018 IJSA Introduction Creating a united European educational system and studentsтАЩ national training in high school and the Ukraine joining the Bologna process demanded a studentтАЩs role in this process. significant renovation in organisation and content of For the first time an attempt to generalise international education. The main bases for the higher educational and Ukrainian experience as well as to provide system, declared by a new edition of the law of methodic recommendations for developing and Ukraine, create conditions for increasing collaboration modernising ╤Бurricula in conditions of the European of state organs and business with higher educational integration of national higher education was made by institutions supported by principles of autonomy, scientists (Zakharchenko, Luhovyi, Rashkevych, and combination of education, science and production Talanova, 2014). aimed at training competitive human resources for hi- The content modernisation of curricula required their technological and innovative development of the implementation in high school. It would have been country, self-realisation of the personality, meeting the possible on the basis of introducing pedagogic logistics needs of the society, labour market and state in in high school which has an important significance for qualified workers. In the new edition of the law of solving the outlined tasks. The first research into Ukraine it is emphasised that training of specialists organising the educational process on the grounds of should be realised with due regard to the needs of a implementing pedagogic logistics in high school has personality, interests of the state, territory communities been made by Melnyk and Pypenko (2017), in which and employers (Law of Ukraine, 2014). the authors proposed methodological and theoretical Thus, the changes in the education paradigm of training bases for this activity, determined definitions of the specialists, which should be based on collaboration, are notions: тАЬeducational logisticsтАЭ, тАЬpedagogical declared by standard. Still, as a rule higher education logisticsтАЭ and тАЬteaching logisticsтАЭ. today remains to be organised into strictly specialised Besides, it was necessary to continue researching and spheres of knowledge and traditional subjects that improving the issue of organising psychological and provides training of specialists without taking into pedagogical interaction in high school. Their account social demand, modern trends and competition theoretical and practical aspects were researched by at the labour market. That is why it is obvious that such Melnyk (2017). inflexible training of specialists creates a situation The research of the mentioned above issues will give when a large part of graduates cannot find a job the possibility to organise the educational process of according to the major obtained in the university. Thus, the specific higher educational institution with due realising it they refuse from higher education. This regard to the needs of a personality, interests of the problematic situation is highly troubling, as for a state and employers, as well as to provide the modern developing country it is important to train qualified training of specialists, who will be demanded on the specialists who can make discoveries, create new European and international labour market. products, develop methods and technologies. The aim of the study. To research issues concerning There is an urgent necessity to study issues of training modern training of specialists in high school and the qualified specialists in high school which correspond to studentтАЩs role in this process; to ascertain competences, modern realities and create a reliable basis for pedagogic technologies and methods, demanded by employing graduates at the European and world labour cadets and students, as well as to forecast perspective market as well as promote personal and professional trends of studying in higher educational institutions. development of the youth. Material and methods Theoretical value and practical significance for To study the issues of training specialists in high developing issues of training qualified workers in high school a set of methods is used: school were implemented in scientific works - collecting information (systematic blind written concerning the problem of organising activity of higher questionnaires); educational institutions in conditions of globalisation - systematisation; and internationalisation (Altbach and Knight, 2007). - rating assessment; Institutional dynamics of European University is - analysis and results interpretation. researched by Olsen (2007). The mission, spheres of The authorтАЩs methods (questionnaires) and instruments training and trends of university activity (mass higher (Melnyk, 2016; 2017) are applied. We were guided by education, professional specialised higher education, competences classification based on materials of the research and academic training) are analysed by Laredo Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education, (2007). The issues of general management of education QAA, UK and Tuning educational structures in quality are revealed in the work by Sallis (2014). The Europe, TUNING (Tuning Association, 2010). research was realised in the countries of the European With the aim to determine the concordance level of Union and was focused on their peculiarities. The respondentsтАЩ ideas, the dispersion coefficient of realities of the Ukrainian system of higher education Kendall concordance has been calculated, its and studentsтАЩ requirements into forming their significance (the calculated value of the criterion competen╤Бes in the process of studying in high school exceeds the critical one for the significance level of 5% differ from the European youth (Melnyk, 2017). Thus, and 1%) has been proved on the basis of PirsonтАЩs there is a necessity to research the modern system of criterion. 5 International Journal of Science Annals Cadets and students were questioned with due regard to technologies, 25 methods. According to each series 5 their individual, group and collective choice to provide units have been chosen, that headed the rating. In this representative selection and obtain the necessary case weighting has been carried out by frequencies information. (weights from 1 to 5), which show how many times Participants. 15 groups of cadets and 20 groups of this or that variant is repeated. That is why calculating students of the day-time department of National the weighted arithmetic average by each of the chosen Academy of National Guard of Ukraine (NANGU) competences / technologies / methods all values of the have taken part in the research. The average amount of weights in the range from 1 to 5 are multiplied by respondents is 535. frequency of their repetition, the obtained cup product Organisation of the research. The research was has been summed up, this sum has been divided into realised in the academic years of 2013-2018 on the the sum of frequencies (15), i.e. the average volume of basis of NANGU. In particular, the academic years of the total. Rank 1 has been assigned to the highest value 2013-2014 тАУ 3 groups of cadets, 4 groups of students of the weighted arithmetic average of the (the average amount of 143 people); the academic corresponding competence / technology / method, rank years of 2014-2015 тАУ 3 groups of cadets, 4 groups of 5 has been assigned to the lowest one. students (the average amount of 103 people); the The dispersion coefficient of Kendall concordance has academic years of 2015-2016 тАУ 3 groups of cadets, 4 been applied to determine the level of concordance of groups of students (the average amount of 105 people); the respondentsтАЩ ideas. As there are no connected ranks the academic years of 2016-2017 тАУ 3 groups of cadets, in the research, the dispersion coefficient of W 4 groups of students (the average amount of 98 concordance has been calculated as ratio of deviation people); the academic years of 2017-2018 тАУ 3 groups of the sum of ranks in the second degree from the of cadets, 4 groups of students (the average amount of average sum of ranks in the second degree, multiplied 86 people). The cadets and students were questioned by 12, to the experts quantity m in the second degree, around the subject тАЬUniversity educationтАЭ at the fourth multiplied by the spread between the third degree of year, of different majors, from the Humanities Faculty, the quantity of factors which are ranged, and the Technical Faculty and the Faculty of Economics and quantity of these factors n. Management. The obtained value has been estimated in terms of Statistical analysis. To obtain the rating assessment of significance with the help of PirsonтАЩs criterion ╧З2 by the collective selection of students and cadets, the multiplying this coefficient W by the quantity of algorithm of calculating the average values has been experts m and by the quantity of the degrees of used, in particular the weighted arithmetic average. The clamping (n-1). The calculated value of PirsonтАЩs weighted arithmetic average has been calculated from criterion has been compared to the table (critical one). the values of the varying characteristics from 1 to 5 On this basis the conclusion has been made about the taking into account the weights. Upon that the values significance of the researched coefficient. of the characteristic are presented in the form of The concordance coefficient and PirsonтАЩs criterion variation distribution series. The quantity of units in the values are shown in Table 1. variation series is not the same: 30 competences, 16 Table 1. The concordance coefficient and PirsonтАЩs criterion values. Demand type The The calculated The table (critical) value ╧З2 concordance value of PirsonтАЩs for the for the coefficient W criterion ╧З2 significance level significance level 5% 1% For demand into competences 0.812 50.02 42.56 49.59 For demand into pedagogic 0.848 33.01 25.00 30.58 technologies For demand into methods 0.873 43,97 36.42 42.98 In all the cases the calculated value of PirsonтАЩs institution, who were under research, by 39.86%. If the criterion exceeds the table (critical) values for 5% and quantity of students for this period was twice as fewer, 1% of the significance level. Thus, the calculated then the tendency to decrease the quantity of cadets in values of the concordance coefficient are accepted as groups for the last year (2017-2018) was ceased, and significant that proves the concordance of the even had a higher index than for the last three years. respondentsтАЩ ideas. The results are illustrated in Figure 1. Obtaining the average complex assessment has allowed The demand for forming competences in high school us to reveal the demand into forming competences / among cadets and students has been studied by technologies / methods of the student youth for the last methods (Melnyk, 2017), which presuppose individual, five years. group and collective choice of 5 most important Results competences from the proposed list (30 general For five years of research (2013-2018 academic years) competences) (Tuning Association, 2010, ╤А. 63-64). there has been a tendency to decrease the quantity of These competences had to be ranged according to the cadets and students in groups of the higher educational level of their significance. 6 Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 2018 IJSA 150 140 143 130 120 110 68 Amount, people 100 103 105 98 90 86 80 51 56 Students 70 53 31 60 Cadets 50 40 together 30 75 52 55 20 49 45 10 0 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016 2016/2017 2017/2018 Periods Figure 1. Dynamics of quantity of student youth in higher educational institution. The obtained results prove that among cadets and That is why we consider it to be appropriate to students of NANGU for the last 5 years the most implement such two groups of competences into required is the demand into forming the following classification: professional competences and special competences by teachers: competences. 1) ability to apply knowledge in practical situations Professional competences are general abilities of a 25.0%; personality to perform position duties. They are based 2) determination and perseverance in the tasks given on personal skills, knowledge and experience and are and responsibilities taken 20.7%; revealed in the result of professional activity. For 3) ability to make reasoned decisions 14.3%; example, professional competences of a teacher are 4) ability to work in a team 11.8%; characterised by the indices of their educational and 5) ability to adapt and to act in new situation 8.3%; pedagogic, scientific and research, organising and 6) all other competences 19.9%. methodic activity. The demand for other competences has been poorly Special competences are specific abilities of a expressed or is absent at all. Let us note that 12 (40%) personality, which are based on their psycho- out of 30 competences have not been chosen at all. physiological peculiarities and personal potential as for That is why they are not considered in the the possibility to do work defined by the branch mathematical calculations. The absence of choice for standards, where they study or work. For example, certain competences indicates the necessity to review special competences of a student are characterised by the groups classification and their content by other indices of their academic performance, psycho-social characteristics. maturity, communication, etc. Determining the need for the mentioned above The summed up percentage rating of the respondentsтАЩ competences, the respondents considered personal questionnaires results for the demand of forming needs and possibilities in order to use them in their competences in a higher educational institution is professional activity. illustrated in Figure 2. 25 ability to apply knowledge in practical situations 20 determination and perseverance in the Indicator value, % tasks given and responsibilities taken 15 ability to make reasoned decisions ability to work in a team 10 25 20,7 14,3 11,8 8,3 19,9 ability to adapt and to act in new 5 situation other competences 0 Types of competences Figure 2. Summed up rating of questionnaire results of student youth for demand into forming competences at higher educational institution. 7 International Journal of Science Annals The carried out research proves that only certain important technologies from the proposed list (16 competences are required by the student youth. It can pedagogic technologies) (Melnyk, 2016, ╤А. 36). These be explained by todayтАЩs realities and peculiarities of an technologies are to be ranged according to the level of educational institution. The student youthтАЩs demand their value. into forming competences necessary to be mastered by The demand rating for using pedagogic technologies by a graduate should be taken into account by teachers studying was as follows: when they include them into the content of curricula, as 1) technologies of distance learning 24.7%; there is a correlation connection between the results of 2) technologies of project learning 23.1%; studying and competences (Melnyk, 2017). Studying 3) technologies of problematic learning 21.3%; the demand into forming the student youth 4) technologies of programming learning 9.8%; competences will favour operational efficiency and 5) technologies of game learning 8.2%; flexibility by reacting to their demands. 6) all other technologies 12.9%. Questioning cadets and students into their demand for The summary rating of the results of the respondentsтАЩ using pedagogic technologies in studies has been questionnaires as for the demand into using the carried out by similar methods which presupposed pedagogic technologies by studying is shown in individual, group and collective choice of 5 most percentage in Figure 3. distance learning technologies project learning technologies 25 Indicator value, % problem learning technologies 20 12,9 programm learning technologies 15 8,2 21,3 9,8 game learning technologies 10 23,1 24,7 other learning technologies 5 Types of technologies 0 Figure 3. Summary rating of student youth questionnaires results for demand into using pedagogic technologies in higher educational institution. The questionnaires results of cadets and students of studying have turned out to be as follows: NANGU for the last 5 years prove that among the most 1) visual methods (illustrations, demonstrations, video required technologies are those which give them a watching) 23.2%; possibility to be more mobile and provide for acquiring 2) verbal methods (explanations, clarifications, professional competences which guarantee discussion, dispute) 19.1%; competitiveness at the labour market. 3) practical method (research, exercises under control) Questioning cadets and students for their demand into 16.7%; using pedagogic methods in high school by the 4) method case-study (active problematic and methods mentioned above, presuppose individual, situational analysis) 15.9%; group and collective choice of 5 most important 5) reproductive method (work by the ready models) pedagogic methods from the proposed list (25 10.8%; pedagogic methods) (Melnyk, 2016, ╤А. 27-29). These 6) all other methods 14.3%. methods are to be ranged according to the level of their The summary rating of the respondentsтАЩ questionnaires value. results for the demand into using pedagogic methods The demand rating for using pedagogic methods by by studying is illustrated in percentage in Figure 4. visual method 10.8% 14.3% 15.9% verbal method 23.2% practical method 16.7% 19.1% method case-study reproductive method other methods Figure 4. Summary rating of studentsтАЩ questionnaires results for demand into using pedagogic methods in high school. 8 Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 2018 IJSA The questionnaires results of cadets and students of overview this classification and expose a necessity to NANGU for the last 5 years prove that among the most single out other groups: professional competences and required methods are those which apply computer and special competences, which are based on another digital equipment, trainers focused on forming peculiarity, as well as specify the essence of these competences which provide cadets and students with notions. skills to solve practical tasks. The demand for the first The specification proposed by us to the competence three groups of methods among cadets and students classification is not an exchange or reduction of the does not differ significantly, while the reproductive classification (Tuning Association, 2010). The method is specific for cadets, and students prefer the specification promotes clarification of the group method of case-study. It is explained by the peculiarity competences content as for the problem of training of military training of cadets at an educational specialists by specific peculiarities тАУ practical institution. Such methods as working with a book orientation. (reviewing, making notes etc.) are practically not Besides, the groups of competences outlined in our chosen by cadets or students. The indices of a verbal research allow classifying their components more method such as story-telling or lecture have turned out substantively in relation to domains as well: self- to be insignificant. consciousness, self-administration, social awareness and management of relations (Boyatzis, Goleman, and Discussion Rhee, 2000). Questioning the student youth has given us a general It allows determining the specific indices, coordinate idea about competences, pedagogic technologies and syllabi, which will be directed at possibilities of an methods which are among the most demanded in high educational institution, studentsтАЩ request and school. The analysis and systematisation of the employersтАЩ demand at the European and world labour research results, ╨░s well as the usage of the educational market. logistics gives the possibility to forecast perspective In the research by Altbach and Knight the modern state trends of training specialists at higher educational of the international education is analysed (Europe, institutions. In the research we applied the following America, Asia, Africa) and the tendencies of increasing interpretation of educational logistics and possibilities demand for international education are outlined, which for its usage in high school: тАЬEducational logistics is a result in mobility of students and educational sphere of education that determines the average institutions through national borders. Also it is forecast strategy of its mission, forecasting and development, its тАЬAlong with traditional private and public higher specific projecting and planning, forecasting the results education institutions, тАЬnew providersтАЭ include as well as determining the standards corresponding to commercial IT and mediacompanies, corporate the educational aimsтАЭ (Melnyk and Pypenko, 2017, universities, professional associations, and p. 13). international conglomerates. Providers use face-to-face Formation of the student youth competences is of vital and virtual modes to deliver education to students in importance by training future specialists in higher their home countries through twinning, franchising, educational institutions. The problems of competences articulation, validation, and joint or double degree classification in high school are highlighted in the work arrangements. Some providers also seek to establish тАЬCompetence-based learning. A proposal for the aphysical presence through branch campuses, assessment of generic competencesтАЭ (S├бnchez and independent institutions, teaching andtesting centers, Ruiz, 2008). The problem of forming student youth and acquisitions or mergers with local higher education competences in the European educational system is institutionsтАЭ (Altbach and Knight, 2007, ╤А. 295). revealed in the materials The Quality Assurance Modern scientific and technical achievements, Agency for Higher Education, QAA, UK and Tuning informatisation of the society allow forecasting educational structures in Europe, TUNING (Tuning tendencies and future trends in training specialists in Association, 2010). The correlation of competences higher educational institutions within the context of and results of studying in high school are researched by distance learning. It requires development of new Wagenaar (2014); Burganova, Abdugalina, and technologies and methodic provision of the educational Shaiheslyamova (2016). Pedagogic aspects of forming process. competences of the student youth are researched by Development perspectives of the educational branch Meterbayeva, Karmenbayeva, Tleulinova, Auhadieva, within the context of distance learning along with and Egimberdieva (2015). Formation of a personality implementation of mobile learning for students is and problems of forming studentsтАЩ competences are researched by Sahin (2008); Frohberg, Goth, and revealed in scientific works by Valeeva and Schwabe (2009); Wang, Shen, Novak, and Pan (2009); Bushmeleva (2016); Melnyk (2017). In the research we Park, (2011); Keegan (2013). applied the classification of competences (Tuning The efficiency and long-term benefits of implementing Association, 2010), which consists of three groups: modern technologies and distance learning are proved: instrumental, interpersonal, system, which in their turn тАЬтАжinnovative 21st strategies make learning in both account for the main three dozens of competences. physical and online classrooms more stimulating and Some of these competences are conventionally referred motivating for students, which promote better retention to a specific group, as they could be found both in the of the course content, minimise dropout rates, and interpersonal and system groups. It has made us 9 International Journal of Science Annals maximise studentsтАЩ learning of the course contentтАЭ perspective trends in training specialists in higher (Kalaian, 2017). educational institutions: The research by Schmidt, Baran, Thompson, Mishra, 1) ╨Ж╨в-sphere (programming, design, analytics); Koehler, and Shin (2009) is useful for description and 2) technical and military spheres (engineering, robot comprehension of goals by using technologies in the technology); educational sphere Technological Pedagogical Content 3) economic branch (trading of alternative currencies, Knowledge (TPACK). The possibilities of managing cryptographic finance; technologies of teaching and studying in high school 4) medical branch (genetics, transplantology, are revealed by Bates ╨Р., Bates ╨в., and Sangra (2011). bioengineering, molecular dietology); The perspectives and problems of teaching structures in 5) educational branch (mobile learning in the context higher education of Europe are researched by Haug of distance education). (1999). Teaching methods in high school have been a Taking into account perspective trends in training core subject of numerous research for many years specialists will allow higher educational institutions to (Wiersma and Jurs, 2005; Lodico, Spaulding, and elaborate the development strategy of their institution Voegtle, 2010). and the content of syllabi according to the modern In their work Wiersma and Jurs (2005) give a general tendencies. It will have a positive influence on the idea for using methods of the research in education, quantity of students who will be able to get education pay attention to quantitative and qualitative indices as for a BachelorтАЩs degree as well as to continue it by well as methods of statistics as important research MasterтАЩs or Post-graduate programme, and also courses tools. for retraining specialists. By such conditions the The fact that cadets and students chose mentioned university will be able to provide their main function, above technologies and methods that involve modern i.e. training highly qualified specialists, and will be IT-technologies and distance learning was easy to smoothly integrated as a configuration part of much foresee. However the choice of case-study and bigger establishments and processes, into the national reproductive methods has to be explained. and European educational sphere, providing for social Choosing the method of case-study (active problematic and individual needs of the youth. There is a necessity and situational analysis) was specific mainly for to study further the issues of competences classification students, and more seldom for cadets, who studied at as well as content development of group components the Technical Faculty and the Faculty of Economics тАЬprofessional competencesтАЭ and тАЬspecial competencesтАЭ and Management. We relate the student youthтАЩs according to the syllabi of training specialists at interest in the real fact material and solving different levels of higher education. problematic situations close to the reality, to their need of forming professional and special competences, Funding source which will help them in practical activity. This research received no specific grant from any The reproductive method (work by ready patterns) has funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for- been chosen by cadets and students of the Humanities profit sectors. It has been conducted on the basis of Faculty. We explain it by the trend of training and National Academy of National Guard of Ukraine peculiarity (military one) of the educational institution. within the framework of the subject тАЬUniversity Thus, we relate the choice of these 5 methods among EducationтАЭ. others which have been proposed to the respondents (cadets and students), firstly тАУ to the social demand of References the student youth into forming professional and special Altbach, Ph. G., & Knight, J. (2007). 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International Journal of Science Annals, 1(1-2), 4тАУ11. doi:10.26697/ijsa.2018.1-2.01 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 11