Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 2018 IJSA SOCIAL SCIENCES. Education & Educational Research ORIGINAL RESEARCH Behavioral Tendencies of Single Parent Students AuthorтАЩs Contribution: Usakli H.1 ╨Р╨Т╨бDEFG A тАУ Study design; B тАУ Data collection; 1 Sinop University, Turkey C тАУ Statistical analysis; D тАУ Data interpretation; E тАУ Manuscript preparation; F тАУ Literature search; G тАУ Funds collection Received: 20.09.2018; Accepted: 12.10.2018; Published: 30.11.2018 Abstract Background and A Family is social unit of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption Aim of Study: and having a shared commitment to the mutual relationship. The definition of single parent is someone who has a child or children but no husband, wife, or partner who lives with them. Death of a partner and divorce are main causes of being single parent. Children are affected by divorce in many different ways, varying by the circumstances and age of the child. Children whose ages are seven to twelve are much better at expressing emotions and accepting parentage breakage, but often distrust their parents, rely on outside help and support for encouragement, and may manifest social and academic problems. The aim of the study: to find out teachers opinion of single parentsтАЩ studentsтАЩ behavioral tendency. Material and Methods: This qualitative study represents 30 teachersтАЩ opinions on single parent studentsтАЩ problems. Results: Not only in deep theoretical framework but also recent studies underline the importance of healthy family relation on child wellbeing. Every child may have potential for single parent in nowadays society. Experienced elementary teachers claim that single parent students are more submissive and aggressive. In addition of this, they are less assertive when comparing to their two parents counterparts. Conclusions: Not only school psychologists and guidance practitioners but also teachers and school principles should be aware of the potential single parent studentsтАЩ needs. Being more assertive or aggressive creates fewer opportunity for single parent students. Productive society will be raised with only equal sublimation of all childrenтАЩs developments. Keywords: single parent students, elementary teachers, behavioral tendencies; assertiveness; aggressiveness; submissiveness. Copyright: ┬й 2018 Usakli H. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI and UDC DOI 10.26697/ijsa.2018.1-2.03; UDC 37.014.68::316.62-055.52-058.832 Conflict of interests: The author declares that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: Departmental sources Information about Usakli Hakan (Corresponding Author) тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4307-2226; the author: husakli@yahoo.com; Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Elementary and Early Childhood Education; Sinop University; Sinop; Turkey. 21 International Journal of Science Annals Introduction Behaviour can be defined as the way in which an sometimes be seen as an institution where parents and individual behaves or acts. It is the way of an children are together. Due to different reasons, the individualтАЩs conducting herself/himself. Behaviour family cannot fulfill its function fully, and as a result, it should be viewed in reference to a phenomenon, an can lead to a bad situation. Familial changes; due to object or person. It can be seen in reference to society death, divorce, temporary and persistent divisions are norms, or the way in which one treats others or handles called fragmented or single-parent families (Soyaslan, objects. Therefore, behavior is the way of an 1998). Broken family cannot fulfill its expected individualтАЩs acting towards people, society or objects. responsibilities due to its fragmented structure and It can be either bad or good. It can be normal or some reasons. abnormal according to society norms. Society will Children who grow up in fragmented or single-parent always try to correct bad behaviour and try to bring families fail to fulfill their socialization tasks abnormal behaviour back to normal (UNESCO, 2000, (Ulu─Яtekin, 1991). The violent conflict created by the p. 9). incompetence in the family causes the divorce by The behavior can be defined as the movement of the weakening the relationship between the parents, and as organization that can be viewed or measured in any a result of these divorces, a number of anti-social way. Learning is relatively permanent change in an behaviors such as high anxiety, aggressiveness and organismтАЩs behavioral repertoire as a result of shyness are observed in children (Ulug and Candan, experience. 2008). A child who cannot see as much support and The family, which consists of parents and children, is love in a single parent will go on to show this need very important for human life. Starting from loving and constantly (Y├╢r├╝ko─Яlu, 2004). loving the child who comes from within a family in the A child belonging to a broken family has constant world develops a healthy personality in accordance internal conflict. At the end of these conflicts, they with the needs of his/her physical, mental and mental accused the family of children and showed an attitude needs and obtains the most comprehensive information towards them (Wolf, 1998). Without the ability to about the society to live in. The child, who has solve the problem, the child will face deeper problems completed the socialization and education process with in the future because he cannot solve his anti-social the help and contributions of the parents of the parents, behavior (Morganett, 2005). The research revealed that gains a successful social life. A child observes a family divorce has negative consequences on children such as communication based on mutual love, respect, sharing depression, stress, loneliness, irritability, and lack of and solidarity, has a better relationship with the people attention (Herwig, Wirtz, and Bengel 2004; Jackson, around him (┼Юent├╝rk, 2012, p. 124). 2000). Pre-school children learn about social behaviour in the The effects of divorce on children: family, where rules of behaviour are specified Wade and Tavris (1990) investigate this issue from the according to the family structure. These rules attachment frame. determine the social behaviour of the child. Families Thirty years ago, divorce was rare and shameful. apply various kinds of control when educating their Today, divorce is as common as the flu and often children about social behaviour. Parents sometimes strikes as unpredictably, to couples married only a year explain why the child must abided by a rule and other as well as to couples married for decades, affecting 1 times they just demand that she/he does it. The relation million children a year. A child born today has a 40 between the self control of the adult and her control percent chance of living through a second parental over the child may be of interest. divorce by age 18. At least, the stigma of being Deficiency of mother or father can cause lack of different is no longer a matter; we know a child who behavioral performance for any children. What is the complains that she has тАЬonlyтАЭ one set of parents (Wade reason of any childrenтАЩs having single parent? and Tavris, 1990, p. 485). Nowadays, divorce is a very ordinary event. In each Despite its increasing prevalence, divorce continues to state in the United States, every two new marriages be troubling, difficulty, and painful for children of all result in a divorce (Schaie and Willis, 1996). Also in ages тАУ just as it is troubling for most divorcing couples. Europe, the rate of divorce has increased in the last two One reason is that human beings do not break their decades (Jonsson, Njardik, Olafsdottir, and Gretarsson, attachments lightly, even bad attachments (Berman, 2000, p. 101). 1988; Bowlby, 1988). Married couples who fought The family is defined as a complex social structure constantly are often surprised to discover, once consisting of a common past, shared association, separated, how emotionally attached they remain to emotional attachment, individual members of the each other. Children often persist in their attachment to family, and individuals who plan action to meet the cold or abusive parent long after the parents have needs of the entire family (Nazli, 2003). The family is abandoned them. one of the effective institutions that guide children on According to longitudinal studies, the effects of social development, adaptation and socialization divorce depend on the childтАЩs gender, age, at the time (Yavuzer, 2001). Feldman and Wentzel (1990) argue of the parentsтАЩ divorce, and whether you are looking at that families can provide their children with social immediate or long-term reactions (Wallerstein, 1984; acceptance thanks to the child-centered education they Wallerstein and Blakeslee, 1989): will give their children. The core of family that Preschool-age children (ages 2 to 6) are the age group constitutes the smallest unit of social structure can which most immediately distressed by their parentтАЩs 22 Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 2018 IJSA divorce, yet this group does best in the long run. with each other at every visit (Ash and Guyer, 1988; Preschoolers become extremely needy and anxious. Wallerstein and Blakeslee, 1989). From the standpoint Being egocentric in their thinking, they blame of childrenтАЩs adjustment, an amicable divorce is better themselves for the divorce (тАЬDaddy is leaving because than a bitter marriage, but a prolonged and bitter I left my toys on the stairsтАЭ). A year and a half later, divorce is worst of all (Wade and Tavris, 1990, p. 485- about half of these children, especially the boys, are 486). Divorce not only negatively affects children but still deeply troubled. After five years, more than a third also unwanted side affect for woman (Kader, 2018). of them are still moderately to severely depressed. Not only divorce but also incretion is another issue for However, most have forgotten the distress and fears single parenting. Hairston (2007) highlights this issue. they felt at the time of the divorce and are less Prisoners are not lone individuals operating without burdened by the divorce than older children until social ties or consequences. They are members of adolescence. Yet most of them still speak sadly of the families, and have family roles, commitments and disruption and some of them still have fantasies of their obligations. Incarceration involves not only the parentsтАЩ reconciliation. Almost all of them remain physical separation of prisoners from society, but emotionally attached to their fathers, whether the father separation from their families, children and friendship visits them often or rarely, predictably or erratically. networks as well. Research shows that prisoners and Elementary тАУ school age children (ages 7 to 12) are not their families identify numerous financial, social and as likely to blame themselves for the divorce, but most emotional issues associated with parental incarceration. feel abandoned and lonely nevertheless. They are better Incarceration of a parent is very much a family matter. than preschoolers at expressing their feelings, but they It has long-range economic, emotional and social have trouble in managing conflicting emotions toward consequences that affect prisoners, families and that the custodial parent, such as anger and sadness. They can affect childrenтАЩs well-being. often fear that if they make that parent angry, he or she Every year, millions of parents separate, divorce, or will leave them too. remarry. Many writer have focused on the negative Adolescents (ages 13 to 18) report frequent feelings of reactions (e.g., depression, anxiety, conduct problems) anger, sadness, shame, helplessness, and a sense of that children sometimes exhibit in response to these betrayal by the parents. They tend to cope with changes, but marital transitions are stressful for both distancing themselves from their parents, remaining parents and children (King, 1992). Therapists and aloof even a year of more later. Girls may respond to others often focus on the divorce itself without parental divorce by becoming sexually precocious considering the experience that predict and follow the (Hetherington, M. Cox, and R. Cox, 1985). Boys may event. Clinicians who have this restricted view tend to become sexually insecure and threatened, acting out conceptualize a childтАЩs psychology. their feelings through drug use and aggression. Other During this period (infantile тАУ genital period ages 3-4 boys become тАЬsupermacho,тАЭ exaggerating the male or so) the child experiences strong ambivalent feelings, role. Because of their grater cognitive maturity, seeking the parent of the opposite sex as a lover, but at adolescents are better able than younger children to see the same time both fearing and loving the parent of the the divorce as mainly the parentsтАЩ problem. But for the same sex. An adequate resolution of the Oedipus same reason, they often become more distrustful of the situation occurs when the child rejects the sexual and at institution of marriage itself. the same time, identifies with the parent of the same College тАУ age students (ages 18 to 22) intellectually sex. By identifying with the same-sex parent, the child understand and accept the reasons for their parentsтАЩ both assuages feelings of fear of reprisal and divorce, but this understanding does not reduce their incorporates the traits of the same-sex parent, the traits emotional upheaval. Many of them report depression, that made that parent win the love of the other. In stress, and feeling of insecurity. They are old enough to effect, the boy identifies with his father and seeks to feel empathy for their parents, yet they often worry that adopt his fatherтАЩs characteristics. This means that the no one appreciates their own grief and confusion boy identifies with his father and seeks to adopt his (Cooney, Smyer, Hagestad, and Klock, 1986). fatherтАЩs traits, the traits of masculinity. In like fashion, Overall, girls adjust to divorce more easily than boys, the girl identifies with the mother and tries to behave in and one reason seems to be that boys suffer more by those feminine ways that apparently have made her being separated from the father when the mother has mother successfully attractive. The girl does the same custody (Beech-Lublin, 1985; Guidubaldi and Perry, with her mother. This is the way Freudian theory 1985). Children who live in joint custody or in custody accounts for the development of masculine and of the same-sex parent show significantly more feminine characteristics that fit the mode of the society competence, maturity, cooperativeness, and self-esteem into which the child is raised (Thomas, 1983, p. 242). than children living with the opposite-sex parent If the quality of affectional relationships at this time (Meyer and Simons, 1998). (basic trust versus basic mistrust ages between 0 and 1) A childтАЩs ability to cope with divorce also depends on is poor, with the mother emotionally rejecting the baby whether the parents settle into amicable (or at least while tending to its physical needs, the sense of trust is silent) relations or continue to feel angry and damaged. This sets a poor foundation for the trust- conflicted. Children will eventually recover from the mistrust ratio on which the child is to build the rest of parentsтАЩ divorce, unless the parents continue to quarrel his life (Thomas, 1983, p. 270). about visitation rights, take each other to court, or fight 23 International Journal of Science Annals ChildrenтАЩs Behavioral Tendencies. - It is observed that people who exhibit a form of The work on assertiveness is the book тАЬYour Perfect assertive behavior have decreased stress (Back, 1982). Right. A Guide To Assertive LivingтАЭ written by Alberti Greenberg (2002) points out the main points of these and Emmons which is used as a source in many three behaviors. In assertive behavior, a person research. In this book, the authors state that a behavior expresses himself comfortably and meets his needs. He can be in three different forms: assertive, aggressive, does not hurt others while doing these things and he and non-assertive (submissive). The aggressive feels good. In the form of non-initiative behavior, the behavior in these forms of behavior is described as person denies their wishes to satisfy others. It sacrifices follows: its own needs to meet the needs of others. In aggressive тАЬThe form of assertive behavior makes it possible for behavior, one tries to exert himself by acting as he us to defend ourselves, to express our feelings fairly wishes others to spend (Greenberg, 2002, p. 95). and comfortably, and to use our rights without Assertiveness is not just about earning at all costs but violating others' rightsтАЭ (Alberti and Emmons, 1998, on the contrary, creating needs and rights fairly p. 6) and to free from equality and unnecessary worries (Rogers, 2002, p. 55). When we want to be assertive, in human relations. we have to look at the eyes of the person, but we must Aggressive behavior leads to the feeling of being trivial not shake our finger very closely to show it. We must and hurt by anyone who is against this behavior (the use a clear, calm, serious tone of voice clearly (Rogers, buyer itself). As the other person does not recognize 2002, p. 134). his/her rights, the receiver feels himself broken, Emmer, Evertson, and Worsham (2003) state that there humiliated and defensive (Alberti and Emmons, 1998, are three skill requirements for effective p. 44). communication within communication skills in In aggression, the goal is to go our own way to win teaching. These skills are constructive assertiveness, whatever it is. So aggression is usually destructive both empathic response and problem solving. Constructive physically and psychologically. Aggressive people are assertiveness involves explicitly expressing the subject not interested in the interests, rights, desires and needs matter involved, insisting on correcting misconduct, of others. With regard to aggression, the following resisting against compulsion and subjugation. In this points should be considered: case, it is apparent that there are three elements of - Aggression usually leads to aggression (violence constructive agility. These include the ability to raises violence). express the problem or situation clearly, to have a - Aggressive people are one who are undesirable, pronounced body language (eye contact but not unwilling and unpopular. threatening to the opposite side, not the stiffness of the - People do not want to have relation with aggressive spine and the matching of the face expression), and people. They are hesitant to help them when they need resistance to appropriate behavior or problem solving it. (Emmer et al., 2003, p. 147-148). - Aggression allows a person in aggressive behavior to The aim of the study. To find out teachers opinion of feel good for a very short period of time, but over time single parentsтАЩ studentsтАЩ behavioral tendency. The the person feels bad (Sorensen, 2005). significance of this study is that there are few number People who are often in abstinent behaviors are those of studies conducting on single parent childrenтАЩ who deny themselves, are arrested, broken, worried, problems in terms of parent specialist such as allow others to make choices on their behalf, and psychologist or social worker view. Studies on cannot reach the target they desire (Alberti and teachersтАЩ opinion on single parentsтАЩ studentsтАЩ behavior Emmons, 1998, p. 45). is too rare. Submissive people cannot tell their true thoughts, contribute to the formation of an idea, and feel Material and methods themselves worthless. Thus, the general conclusions of Working Groups. This study was designed as shy behavior can be summarized as follows: qualitative research. 30 elementary school teachers -Not able to really meet what you want or what you who had ten or more years experienced in teaching need. joined in the study. The working group was familiar - Less respect from others. with basic problems of single parent children such as - Short-term stress reduction (Sorensen, 2005). economic and academic. The group was highly skilled The basic goal in assertiveness is to find the best with teaching. solution for all people. Assertiveness takes into account Data Collection. 30 participant elementary school that everyone has equal rights and responsibilities. That teachers joined a conference on тАЬChildren Action is why the form of aggressive behavior is based on TendencyтАЭ submitted by the author of this study. The win-win solution. Possible key outcomes of an conference duration was held 90 minutes. After the assertive behavior may be like this: conference teachers answered three open ended - It is possible to meet the needs of a person exhibiting questions: a form of assertive behavior. 1. What do you think about single parentsтАЩ children - The pattern of assertive behavior allows us to be over all? controlled. 2. What is your opinion on single parentsтАЩ children - The form of assertive behavior helps to increase our behavioral tendencies such as assertiveness, confidence in ourselves. aggressiveness and submissiveness? 24 Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 2018 IJSA 3. Do you think that you are capable of coping with Lieblich et al. (1998, p. 112-113) involves breaking the single parentsтАЩ children behavioral problems? text into smaller units of content. There were three questions asked to participants as Results open-ended. These individual interviews were This study reflects only a small partial of very wide recorded. The approximate duration of interviews is 10 range of scientific research project. The research title is minutes. 300 minutes interviews records were тАЬPreparing a Psycho-Educational Program for transcribed as 32 pages of written data (Times New Identifying Problems of Single Parents and Solving Roman 12, spacing 1.5). These ProblemsтАЭ. To make visible study for problems This study was designed by qualitative research of single parentsтАЩ students, this qualitative study was methods using document review technique. These kind designed. In this study, 30 elementary teachers who are of studies aim to depict the past or present as it exists experienced more than ten years were interviewed. (Karasar, 2008, p. 77). Qualitative research is Before these interviews, those teachers were frequently used in anthropology, philosophy, participated a conference on behavioral tendency. In humanistic psychology, sociology, social psychology, this conference, the author of this study explained to environmental psychology, linguistics. However, the teachers what is assertive, aggressive and qualitative research is also used in interdisciplinary submissive behavior of any person especially studies such as educational sciences. Qualitative elementary student. 90 minutes conference on Children research offers a flexible working environment for Action Tendency were held for experienced elementary researchers. In qualitative research, interview methods teachers. have positive contributions such as giving flexibility to After the conference, the working group (30 teachers) researchers, dominating responses, following were interviewed with three open ended questions. nonverbal behaviors, providing control over the Themes from their answers are shown as Table 1 as in environment and getting in-depth information below. (Y─▒ld─▒r─▒m and ┼Юim┼Яek, 2008). In question one тАЬWhat do you think about single Data analysis and reliability. The two terms are sine parentsтАЩ children over all?тАЭ asked to the teachers. 26 qua non for all researches not only quantitative but also teachers out of 30 gave positive statements. According qualitative ones. Reliability is a term which is used in to the teachers there are a few students of single parents quantitative research to indicate the consistency of in all classes and it is pity that they are problematic. In measurement. The term is also applied to some statistically this seems to be in high ratio (86%). qualitative research, particularly that which adopts a тАЬWhat is your opinion on single parentsтАЩ children realist epistemology. In qualitative research, the behavioral tendencies such as assertiveness, evaluative criteria that are applied are more commonly aggressiveness and submissiveness?тАЭ asked to the transparency and trustworthiness. Validity is the extent teachers as a second question. According to the to which research measures or reflects what it claims teachers single parentsтАЩ students are failure in to. It is most meaningfully used in research with a presenting assertive behavior. Girls seem to be realist epistemology (Frost, 2011, p. 108). submissive whereas boys are more aggressive when The thematic model can be applied to a wide range of comparing to their same age and sex counter parts of narrative text, including narratives produced in two parentsтАЩ students. 28 teachers out of 30 agree with interviews and written documents. The analyst can start this situation and this is also in high percentage (93%). the thematic analysis by the open coding of data. The The last question was тАЬDo you think are you capable of steps in the categorical content analysis described by cope with single parentsтАЩ children behavioral Lieblich, Tuval-Mashiach, and Zilber (1998) can be problems?тАЭ 20 teachers out of 30 (66%) stated that they used in the process of thematic analysis. The have lack of information how to cope with single categorical content analysis focuses on thematic parentsтАЩ students. Even if they know something to similarities and differences between narratives intervene there will be time problem to devoting to generated in interviews. The analytical approach of problematic students. Table 1. Teachers response on behavioral tendencies of single parentsтАЩ students. Questions Response f % Sample from responses (frequency) (percentage) 1. What do you think about single Socially, emotionally, I think there are several such kind of students parentsтАЩ children over all? behavioral problems 26 86 an all class but sometimes it is difficult to guess who they are. I believe and I know that most of them have social, emotional and behavioral problems. 2. What is your opinion on single More submissive or Especially single parent girls are more parentsтАЩ children behavioral aggressive and less 28 93 submissive. I know a girl she was with her two tendencies such as assertiveness, assertive parents and was very lively. But now even she aggressiveness and prefers being far away from her old friends. submissiveness? Ohh boys are every time problematic yelling fighting whatever you think as undesired behavior. 3. Do you think are you capable Professionally no and 20 66 I know something but where and when I of cope with single parentsтАЩ limited time should intervene. children behavioral problems? 25 International Journal of Science Annals Discussion and Conclusions ago, the great wise Hillel said: тАЬIf I am not for myself, In this qualitative study, 30 experienced elementary who will be for me? And if IтАЩm just for myself, what classroom teachers reflected their ideas on behavioral am I? And if not now тАУ when?тАЭ Some of the most tendencies of single parentsтАЩ students. In three open important lessons that we can teach our children ended questions, teachers are agreed with there are include how they will express themselves and their problems of single parentsтАЩ students. balance of interest when they consider the rights and Submissiveness seems to be main characteristics of feelings of others, and when should parents teach these single parents girls. Whereas boys of single parents lessons? As Hillel asked, тАЬIf not now тАУ when?тАЭ (Deluty display more aggressive behavior when they compare and U┼Яakl─▒, 2009). their two parents counterpart. Submissive or aggressive behavior is an example of unwanted behavior at home Acknowledgments or at school in children (Alberti and Emmons, 1998, This work was supported in the Sinop University for p. 45). How should these behaviors be avoided and Scientific Research Project; project number E─ЮTF- how can these children present desired behavior? First 1901-18-05. I would like to thank Sinop University of all, the behavior of the children should be well Scientific Research Project Office workers. known. Unfortunately, parents and teachers make mistakes while interpreting childrenтАЩs behaviors. It References must be realized that not only at home, but also in Alberti, R., & Emmons, M. (1998). At─▒lganl─▒k school, desired behaviors of children. 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[in research methods in the social sciences] (6th Turkish] ed.). Ankara: Se├зkin Yay─▒nc─▒l─▒k. [in Turkish] Cite this article as: Usakli, H. (2018). Behavioral tendencies of single parent students. International Journal of Science Annals, 1(1-2), 21тАУ 27. doi:10.26697/ijsa.2018.1-2.03 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 27