International Journal of Science Annals SOCIAL SCIENCES. Psychology ORIGINAL RESEARCH ╨Хmpathy in the Structure of Psychological Competence of the Teacher of the Higher Educational Institution AuthorтАЩs Contribution: Mitina S. V.1 ╨Р╨Т╨бDEFG A тАУ Study design; B тАУ Data collection; 1 V. I. Vernadsky Taurida National University, Ukraine C тАУ Statistical analysis; D тАУ Data interpretation; E тАУ Manuscript preparation; F тАУ Literature search; G тАУ Funds collection Received: 08.10.2018; Accepted: 01.11.2018; Published: 30.11.2018 Abstract Background and The efficiency of pedagogical activity depends not only of the level of professional Aim of Study: knowledge and abilities of the teacher but also of the presence for him of the personality qualities necessary for optimal cooperation. One of such professionally-meaningful qualities of the teacher is the empathy able to do the process of education emotionally comfortable and productive. The aim of the study: to explore of level of empathyтАЩs display of the teachers depending on experience of their pedagogical activity. Material and Methods: Theoretical (analysis and synthesis of the psychological literature); empirical (pilot study). 97 teachers of the higher educational institutions participated in the study; at the age of 27 to 62 years, with the work experience from 1 year to 30 years. Results: The results obtained indicate that the empathy is the important component in the structure of the professional competence of the teacher of the higher educational institution, and also that the empathic ability of the teacher is transformed with the development of life and professional experience. The empirical research shows the lowest rates of empathy among the teachers with the work experience of more than 25 years and among the young teachers with the work experience up to 10 years. Conclusions: It is concluded that there is the dependence of the empathy of professional experience, necessary to develop the empathy both at the stage of the training of the future teachers in the higher educational institutions and in the process of continuous professional education. Keywords: competence, psychological competence, teacher, pedagogical activity, empathy. Copyright: ┬й 2018 Mitina S. V. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI and UDC DOI 10.26697/ijsa.2018.1-2.04; UDC 159.942:378.124.08 Conflict of interests: The author declares that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: Departmental sources Information about Mitina Svitlana Vladimirovna (Corresponding Author) тАУ http://orcid.org/0000-0001- the author: 9520-0272; mitina.svetlana68@gmail.com; Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy; V. I. Vernadsky Taurida National University, Kyiv, Ukraine. 28 Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 2018 IJSA Introduction Hen, 2016). The analysis of the psychological and pedagogical According to the scientist Ilin (2013, ╤А. 39), the literature on this issue suggests that the most of the empathy is the source of altruism and the factor of the scientists (Holovan, 2014; Strelnikov, 2013; Kyrychok, helping behavior, so the more the person is prone to the Mitina, and Ilchenko, 2017; Melnyk, 2017) determine empathy, the higher his willingness to giving help in the professional competence of the teacher as the the particular case. The author underlines that for the complex integrated personal education, which includes manifestation of the empathy, is obligatory the the theoretical knowledge, the practical skills, the emotional response тАУ the empathy, namely a personтАЩs experience and personal qualities, which generally awareness that his feelings are the reflection of his allows effectively to carry out the educational activities partnerтАЩs feelings. and provides the process of development and self- The empathic personality differs from the other people development of personality. by his ability to see the others positively; the quick Strelnikov (2013) notes that in the professional orientation in the situations of interaction; the competence of the teacher of the higher educational democratic and altruistic strategies of interaction institution is primarily the psychological and didactic prevail; the openness and sensitivity to social emotions procedures for interacting with the students, and moral feelings (Dolby, 2013). The characteristics motivational-value, cognitive, affective and conative of the empathic personality is the stability, the components, as well as the system of professionally tolerance towards the disadvantages of others, which in important qualities and abilities of the teacher. The our opinion is necessary for the effective professional studies of Melnyk (2017) show that the most popular activity of the teacher. competences are of the instrumental and systemic ones, Sannikova (2014) considers the empathy as the in particular: cognitive, methodological, technological property of the personality in which structure the three and linguistic abilities. levels are distinguished: 1) the formal-dynamic, As is generally known, the essence of pedagogical including the dynamic and qualitative (modal) activity is the interpersonal interaction with the properties of the empathy, reflecting the psychological students. For this purpose, the teacher needs the essence of the empathic process; 2) the content- knowledge and communicative skills to establish the personal, concerning the choice of space for business contact, the emotional attitude for future experiencing the empathy, the moral and ethical cooperation. Vitvytska (2012, ╤А. 69) notes the content of its object; 3) the imperative level reflecting techniques that ensure the effectiveness of the the public and individual ideas about the existing interaction: - the ability to show interest and respect to socio-cultural тАЬnormsтАЭ of empathic manifestations. the student, to understand his position during According to Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright (2004), communication; - to own the means of non-verbal empathy is about spontaneously and naturally tuning communication; - the tolerant attitude to all participants into the other personтАЩs thoughts and feelings, whatever of the educational process. these might be there are two major elements of As we see, the psychological competence of the teacher empathy. The first is its cognitive component is inextricably linked with his communicative (understanding the others feelings and the ability to competence. The results of our previous studies have take their perspective), the second one is the affective shown that it is the communicative competence of the component (an observerтАЩs appropriate emotional teacher that is one of the important components of his response to another person's emotional state). psychological skills. The communication in the Orishchenko (2015) also defines the empathy as the activities of the teacher is not only the means of stable integral property of the person. The author pedagogical communication, but also the condition for underlines that the leading psychological characteristic the improvement of the professionalism, the source of of the person with a high level of the empathy is the personal development, and is also the means of social activity, the interpersonal skills, the sincere influence on the students (M╤Цt╤Цna, 2016). interest to the person, the orientation on the In the structure of the communicative competence of understanding of another, the sensitivity and the the teacher Shestopaliuk (2011) distinguishes the responsiveness. It is precisely the kindness, the following professionally important personal qualities, tolerance, the sufferance towards others makes such namely: - the interest to the people and the work with people capable to the sympathy and the empathy. them; - the presence of need and ability to The aim of the study: to explore of level of empathyтАЩs communicate; - the verbal and non-verbal abilities; - display of the teachers depending on experience of the ability to show empathy to the people. We share their pedagogical activity. this point of view and believe that the successful professional activity of the teacher is impossible with Material and methods the absence or low level of empathy. The following research methods were applied: Recently, the problem of empathy has been actively theoretical (analysis and synthesis of the psychological studied by the scientists in the professional context as literature); empirical (pilot study, questionnaires). The the important property of the personality of socionomic study was conducted at the basis of the Department of professions (Kuntsevska, 2004; Popova and Horvat- Pedagogy and Psychology of the Institute of Yanushevska, 2013) and as the factor of the Postgraduate Education of the Bogomolets National effectiveness of the pedagogical process (Goroshit and Medical University, Kyiv. The sample composed the 29 International Journal of Science Annals teachers of the higher educational institutions, a total problems of the students, limits the range of emotional number of 97 persons aged from 27 to 62 years, with responsiveness and reduces the ability to empathyтАЩs the pedagogical work experience from the 1 to 30 manifestation. years. The following psychodiagnostic techniques were The тАЬpenetrating ability in the empathyтАЭ as the applied: questionnaire тАЬDiagnostics of the level of important communicative property of the person, empathic abilitiesтАЭ (Boyko, 1996), multifunctional ╧Ж- allowing to create the atmosphere of openness and trust criterion of Fisher. that in turn contributes to the empathyтАЩs manifestation. And vice versa, the atmosphere of tension and Results suspicion, the absence prevents the functioning of the The results of diagnostics of the level of empathy of rational channel of the empathy, which is why the the teachers show that the most feck of the teachers majority of the studied group of the teachers have low (73%) have the low (16%) and below average (57%) and below average values for this indicator of the level of manifestation of empathy, which may indicate empathy. to certain emotional тАЬcallousnessтАЭ of the teachers. Only The necessary condition for empathic personality is the to 27% of the studied group the empathic abilities are ability to identify, namely the ability to put oneself to at the sufficient level, which manifests itself in the the place of another person and understand him on the ability to understand and тАЬfeelтАЭ the psycho-emotional basis of empathy. However, as the results showed, state of the students. more than half of the teachers have the low and below- The analysis of the integral characteristics of the average level of identification, which in turn blocks the empathy (see Table 1) showed that more than half of intuitive channel of the empathy and obstructs for the teachers have the low or understated level of empathyтАЩs manifestation on the whole. attitudes toward the manifestation of empathy. Perhaps At the next stage of the study, we analyzed the that it is precisely the lack of focus on establishment of dependence of the manifestation of the level of the the personal contacts, the conviction that it is empathy of the experience of the teacherтАЩs professional inappropriate to show interest for the experiences and activities. The results are presented in Figure 1. Table 1. The characteristics of integral indicators of the empathy. The characteristics of the The frequency of manifestation (%) empathy high average below the average low The rational channel of the empathy 3 28 30 39 The emotional channel of the 11 43 19 27 empathy The intuitive channel of the 11 34 22 33 empathy Adjustment to the empathy 3 34 27 36 The penetrating ability in the 4 33 31 32 empathy The identification 5 38 23 34 100 90 80 high 70 63 60 54 48 average 50 32 35 40 below the average 30 20 14 14 17 20 3 low 10 0 0 0 work experience up to work experience from work experience over 10 years 10 to 25 years 25 years Figure 1. The manifestation of the level of the empathy of the teachers depending of work experience. 30 Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 2018 IJSA As can we see in the Figure 1, the lowest rates of the comprehension the psycho-emotional state of another empathy are observed to the teachers with the work person implies the existence of three empathic experience of more than 25 years and to the young channels: rational, emotional and intuitive. The rational teachers with the work experience up to 10 years. empathy characterizes the focus of attention, Table 2 presents the results of the statistical analysis of intellection on the condition and behavior of another the differences in the frequency of manifestations of person. The emotional empathy is the ability to enter the low level of integral characteristics of the empathy, into the energy field of another, to understand his inner depending on the experience of the professional world. The intuitive empathy is the subconscious activity of the teachers. processing of information about another person, which To prove the statistical significance of the differences is based on the past experience and determines the in the frequency of manifestations of the low level of personalityтАЩs ability to foresee its behavior. the empathy in the studied groups of the teachers, we In our opinion, the low level of the empathy of the applied the multifunctional ╧Ж-criterion of Fisher. If ╧Жexp. teachers with the little experience is due to is less than ╧Ж0.05 = 1.64, so the differences of indicators insufficiently developed communication skills and in the studied samples are not statistically significant, empathic abilities. The beginners teaching specialists and if ╧Жexp.** is more than ╧Ж0.01=2.28, so it can be cannot yet build the effective pedagogical interaction, argued that the differences of indicators in the studied find it difficult to the search of the individual approach samples are significant. If ╧Ж0.05 < ╧Жexp.* < ╧Ж0.01, so the to each student, they do not always succeed in creating differences in the manifestation of low level of the the atmosphere of trust working with the academic empathy among the studied groups of the teachers can group. It should be noted that the empathic ability of be considered significant at the 5% level of the individual is transformed with the development of significance. life and professional experience. Thus the differences in the functioning of the intuitive Stojiljkovic, Djigi─З, and Zlatkovi─З (2012) notes that the channel of empathy of teachers with the work empathy is essential for successful carrying out the experience of 10 to 25 years and the teachers who work various professional roles of teachers. The pedagogical in the university up to 10 years or for more than 25 empathy as the teacherтАЩs personalityтАЩs quality has the years are statistically significant. Also the differences particular social and practical importance for in the manifestation of the ability to the empathy and to optimizing and regulating the interpersonal relations the identification are statistically significant. with the students and improving the efficiency and the Discussion effectiveness of the pedagogical process. The In the process of research, we held the point of view of pedagogical empathy is the powerful tool, in realizing Boyko (1996, ╤А. 74) on the empathy, as the means of the functions of cognition of the students by the reflecting the inner world of another person, allowing teacher, its presence ensures to the teacher the success to understand the causes and the consequences of his in the professional activities. behavior. Understanding the empathy as Table 2. The results of the mathematical-statistical analysis of the differences of manifestations of the empathy of the teachers. The characteristics work experience up to 10 work experience up to 10 work experience from 10 of the empathy years (n=24) / work years (n=24) / work to 25 years (n=31) / work experience from 10 to 25 experience over 25 years experience over 25 years years (n=31) (n=42) (n=42) ╧Ж e xp . =0.48 The rational channel of the ╧Ж e xp . =0.46 ╧Ж exp.=0.93 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 empathy тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 The emotional channel of ╧Ж e xp . =0.26 ╧Ж e xp . =0.54 ╧Ж e xp . =0.41 the empathy тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 1.64=╧Ж 0 . 05 The intuitive channel of the ╧Ж e xp . ** =2.47 ╧Ж e xp . =0.59 тЙд ╧Ж e xp . *=1.77 empathy тЙе ╧Ж 0. 01 =2.28 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 01 =2.28 ╧Ж e xp . =0.67 ╧Ж e xp . =0.39 ╧Ж e xp . =1.22 Installation to the empathy тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 The penetrating ability in ╧Ж e xp . **=2.53 ╧Ж e xp . =1.37 ╧Ж e xp . =1.52 the empathy тЙе ╧Ж 0. 01 =2.28 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 1,64=╧Ж 0 . 05 ╧Ж e xp . =0.35 ╧Ж e xp . =1.33 The identification тЙд ╧Ж e xp . *=1.89 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 05 =1.64 тЙд ╧Ж 0. 01 =2.28 31 International Journal of Science Annals The studies of Goroshit and Hen (2016) suggest that help to the student in overcoming the life difficulties empathic teachers were found to possess a higher level and negative psycho-emotional states. In so far as the of morality and excellent communication with students level of empathyтАЩs manifestation depends of the which in turn encourages empathic peer relationships practice and experience of necessary to form it both at and the successful motivation of their students and also the training stage of the future teachers in the higher contributes to the improvement of the academic educational institutions and in the system of continuous performance of the students. professional education. The studies of Zhuravlova (2007, ╤А. 71) show that as the empathic process functions become more complex, Acknowledgments the level of emotional tension of the subject of Thanks to all the teachers who participated in this interaction changes in the direct proportion to this, study. The study was supported by the leadership of the which makes it possible to speak about the decrease or Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv. increase of the level of emotional inclusion of the subject to interpersonal interaction. Thus, in the Source of support process of professional development of the teacher, it Departmental sources of the Institute of Postgraduate takes place the development and the transformation of Education of the Bogomolets National Medical the empathic. University, Kyiv. The results of our study show that the optimal level of empathyтАЩs manifestation is typical for the specialists References with the teaching experience of 10 to 25 years. These Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). 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International Journal of Science Annals, 1(1-2), 28тАУ33. doi:10.26697/ijsa.2018.1-2.04 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 33