International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 2, No. 1-2, 2019 LIFE SCIENCES. Health Care Sciences ORIGINAL RESEARCH Social IdentificationтАЩs Role for Work and Family Life Balance AuthorтАЩs Contribution: Issimova A. E.1 ╨Р╨Т╨бDEFG A тАУ Study design; B тАУ Data collection; 1 National Defense University named after the First President of the Republic of C тАУ Statistical analysis; Kazakhstan тАУ Yelbasy, Kazakhstan D тАУ Data interpretation; E тАУ Manuscript preparation; F тАУ Literature search; G тАУ Funds collection Received: 10.07.2019; Accepted: 07.08.2019; Published: 30.11.2019 Abstract Background and The research work considers whether workplace stress had a negative association with Aim of Study: university teacherтАЩs family functioning, and if a social identification might a moderator role for this relationship. The aim of the study: to define the social identificationтАЩs role for work and family life balance. Material and Methods: The data were collected from participants (university teachers) with the scales (Perceived Stress Scale; Brief Family Relationship scale and The Three-Dimensional Strength of Group Identification scale) of multiple тАУ choice questionnaire. Moderation analysis was conducted by using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Author concludes that the impact of workplace stress on family functioning is dependent on individualтАЩs social identification level with their family group. It is because the bivariate analysis results showed that workplace stress was a negatively affected to the family functioning (p<0.05). Moderation analysis indicated that the impact of workplace stress on family functioning is dependent on individualтАЩs social identity level with their family members. The interaction between social identification and workplace stress was significant (p<0.05), that means social identification moderated the relationship between workplace stress and family functioning. Workplace stress would not negatively effect on family functioning (p>0.05) that individualтАЩs whose social identification with their family was high. In contrast, lower identification with family had more significant negative impact from workplace stress on their family functioning. Conclusions: Social identification plays a significant effect for individualтАЩs work and family life balance. IndividualтАЩs high social identification with their family is an effective coping method with workplace stress and, moderates the relationship between workplace stress and family functioning. Keywords: workplace stress, family functioning, coping, social identification. Copyright: ┬й 2019 Issimova A. E. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI and UDC DOI 10.26697/ijs╨░.2019.1.05; UDC 159.922.27:159.953.35::658.51+173.5 Conflict of interests: The author declares that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: Departmental sources Information about Issimova Ainash Esengeldievna (Corresponding Author) тАУ http://orcid.org/0000- the author: 0003-4111-1164; isimova78@bk.ru; Doctor of Philosophy in Pedagogy, Senior Researcher, National Defense University named after the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan тАУ Elbasy; Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. 34 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; DOI:10.26697/ijsa IJSA Introduction examining coupleтАЩs production of stress hormones and Although there are studies have found several methods low family relationships, found that women produced for dealing with workplace stress, finding effective two particular stress hormones such as cortisol and coping methods with faculty memberтАЩs workplace stress norepinephrine during the discussion. Moreover, that impacted on their family functioning has still stayed Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (1993) research indicated that a significant question. тАШCopingтАЩ has been described by couples with satisfying family relationship tended not to Lazarus & Folkman (1984) as тАШthoughts and acts that infections catch, and they confirm the findings by Beck people use to manage specific external or internal (1984) that only a positive family interaction may demands of stressorsтАЩ. reduce individualтАЩs stress, but relationships that involve The theoretical analysis has shown that social a negative norms contribute stress (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., identification is a significant variable coping with 1993). workplace stress. According to research in the social- Considering suggestions, social identification and its psychological platform, social identification is тАШcentral role for buffering individualтАЩs workplace stress is clear, to peopleтАЩs experiences of and reactions to, social and in the present study there is the first attempt to research environmental stressorsтАЩ (Haslam, OтАЩBrien, Jetten, social identification as a moderator for decreasing Volmedal, & Penna, 2005). тАШSocial identificationтАЩ has workplace stressтАЩs negative impact on family been defined by Taifel (1978), тАШan individualтАЩs self- functioning with samples in Kazakhstan. In addition, concept which derives from his knowledge of his Wang, Repetti, and Campos (2011) found a relation membershipтАЩ. Considering this, Ellemers, Koetekaas, between job stress and family social behavior and and Ouwerkerl (1999) study social identification concluded that workplace stress affects family divided into three components, a cognitive component, functioning in terms of talking and display of negative an evaluative component and an emotional component. emotions. There was a significant correlation between These components have significant effect on membersтАЩ these factors (r=0.30, p<0.05). The current study there social perception, feeling and behaviours (Taifel & takes account of these correlation coefficients, and Turner, 1979) which is based on individualтАЩs workplace proposes that if workplace stress affects family stress on family functioning. functioning, social identification would be a significant In addition, Avanzi et al. study (2018) with samples predictor moderating the relationship between Swiss teachers found that strongly identified teachers workplace stress and family functioning of Kazakhstan receive more support from other members of group, and teachers. consequently lead them lower job burnout which is Thus, the main hypotheses formulated as following: develops from workplace stress. Similarly, Zellars and H. 1. Workplace stress would be negatively associated Perrewe (2001) study examining influence of affective with family functioning. personality to emotional social support and job burnout H. 2. Social identification would be a moderator in a suggested that individuals who engage conversations relationship between workplace stress and family that focus on positive aspects of job report less burnout. functioning. Workplace stressтАЩs negative impact on It is because, interactions with a positive content is a family functioning dependent on individualтАЩs social significantly related to individualтАЩs job burnout identification level with their family group. (workplace stress) decrease, thoughts and feelings that The aim of the study. To define the social identificationтАЩs linked with increased perceptions of personal self role for work and family life balance. (Zellars & Perrewe, 2001) which play role for individualтАЩs relationship with their family. Materials and Methods The issues of prevention of mental disorders and their Data were collected from participants with the scales of impact on the mental health of the individual were multiple тАУ choice questionnaire. The first scale that studied by Melnyk and Stadnik (2018). measured their workplace stress, participants were Various aspects of training of future specialists in higher required to respond on questionnaire evaluated their education were studied by Melnyk and Pipenko (2018). feeling and thought during the last months at work. The Specifically, family social identityтАЩs role discovered second scale was about how participants perceive the Baider, Ever-Hadani, Goldzweig, Wygoda, and Peretz quality of their family life. The last questionnaire was (2003) study, and had shown that individualтАЩs stress concerned with social identification with their family buffering is directly related to their family, more through scale that consists of three aspects of social specifically family support which is based on family identity, including ingroup ties, cognitive centrality and memberтАЩs social identification level. They identify ingroup affect. couples who were experiencing high psychological Types of scales are presented in Figure 1. distress reported lower levels of perceived family Workplace stress. support than the normal levels of stress. This concept is The workplace stress variable was measured by the confirmed by findings reported by Billings and Moos Perceived Stress scale (PSS) that consists of 10 items (1982) study, and authors concluded that work related (Cohen & Kamarck, 1994). They were asked questions stress on family relationship is directly associated with (see Table 1), rating their feeling or thought in the last individualтАЩs family support. Despite men work stressors months at work in a certain way on a scale ranging from having greater impact, supportive social resources, such 0 to 4 (0 тАУ never, 1 тАУ almost never, 2 тАУ sometimes, 3 тАУ as family support provided more reduction for the fairly often, 4 тАУ very often). effects of workplace stress on family functioning. In addition, Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (1993) study, by 35 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 2, No. 1-2, 2019 Types of scales Perceived Brief Family Relationship Three-Dimensional Stress Scale Scale Strength of Group Identification Scale Workplace stress Family functioning Social identification Figure 1. Types of scales for measuring of workplace stress, family functioning, and social identification of participants. Table 1. The questionnaire for measuring of workplace stress (by Cohen and Kamarck). Questions Coefficient alpha How often were you being upset because of something that happened unexpectedly? 0.754 How often did you have a feeling that were unable to control the important things in life? 0.779 How often did you feel nervous and stressed? 0.786 How often did you find that could not cope with all the things that had to do? 0.780 How often were you angered because of things that happened that were outside of control? 0.795 How often did you feel difficulties were piling up so high that could not overcome them? 0.790 How often did you feel confident about your ability to handle personal problems? 0.789 How often did you have a feeling that things were going way? 0.787 How often were you able to control irritations in life? 0.824 How often did you feel that were on top of things? 0.783 Workplace stress was calculated by reversing the scores Table 3 shows the Cronbach alpha coefficients for three of the questions firstly, and then adding the scores for scales. each item. Higher score indicated high level of Analyses of data perceived workplace stress. The reliability score for PSS The hypotheses interaction between workplace stress in this study was ╬▒=0.805. and family functioning, social identification as a Family functioning moderator for the association workplace stress with Participants family functioning rate were measured by family functioning was analyzed by using Multiple the Brief Family Relationship scale (BFFS) that was linear regression analysis. The predictor variable was developed by Fok, Allen, Henry, and Team (2014). To workplace stress and a moderator variable was social measure participantтАЩs perception of the quality of their identification. These variables were manipulated with family identification, they were asked to complete the participants in the same groups. The dependent variable questions (see Table 2) by rating with 4-point rating was a family functioning. scales: 0 тАУ strongly agree, 1 тАУ agree, 2 тАУ disagree, 3 тАУ Procedure strongly disagree. Ethical approval of this study was gained from the Lower score indicated the higher family functioning. In Ethics Committee at the University of Exeter. They were the present study a Cronbach alpha for BFFS was 0.905. informed about conducting research with university Social identification teachers about their work and family life. Before the The Three-Dimensional Strength of Group completing data, participants were asked to read an Identification scale is an instrument developed by information sheet with a consent form. They were Cameron (2004) that measured participantтАЩs social informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any identification level with their family. The scale consists time. Furthermore, they receive instructions about their of 12 items assessed participants 3 aspects of social tasks during the study that would complete three types identification: ingroup ties, cognitive centrality and of questionnaires, which the time length for answering ingroup affect. Responses are rated on 7 points rating the questions of studies takes overall thirty minutes. In scales from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). addition, they were informed via a consent form that The negative direct half of the items on the scale were there might be a few risk associated with the required to reverse scoring before analysis. Higher questionnaires for example, possible discomfort when scores indicated participantтАЩs high social identification answering some of the personal questions, and asked to with their family. The Cronbach alpha coefficient for sign the consent form whether they agreed to participate 12-item on the Three-Dimensional Strength of Group the study. identification scale in the current study was 0.796. 36 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; DOI:10.26697/ijsa IJSA Table 2. The questionnaire for measuring of family functioning (by Fok, Allen, Henry, and Team). Questions Coefficient alpha In our family we really help and support each other 0.889 In our family we spend a lot of time doing things together at home 0.900 In our family we work hard at what we do in our home 0.902 In our family there is a feeling of togetherness 0.890 My family members really support each other 0.886 I am proud to be a part of our family 0.885 In our family we really get along well with each other 0.879 Table 3. The Cronbach alpha coefficients for the scales. Scales Cronbach alpha Perceived Stress Scale 0.805 Brief Family Relationship Scale 0.905 Three-Dimensional Strength of Group Identification Scale 0.796 Results workplace stressтАЩs negative association with family Testing the hypotheses showed that there was a positive functioning was dependent on individualтАЩs social correlation coefficient between workplace stress and identification level with their family members. Thus, family functioning (r (82)=0.26, p<0.05). The negative predicting hypotheses were confirmed. correlation coefficient suggested that increasing Discussion participantтАЩs social identification, might lower effect of Considering this, the result of the research conducting workplace stress on their family functioning (r (82)= with participants тАУ faculty members concluded that -0.25, p<0.05). workplace stress had a direct negative effect on their Testing the question whether the nature of the family functioning. This supported analysis of relationship between workplace stress and family qualitative questionnaire responses. It can be seen the functioning was changed through a function of social results that individualтАЩs workplace stressтАЩs strong identification. Examining the moderation effect started relation with their family might looks as through their with the value whether both workplace stress and a feelings, thoughts, moods and abilities to cope with moderator variable had a significant effect on family workplace stressors. This was particularly clear in functioning, and as results showed that workplace stress responses to questions about an inability to control variable was not significantly predicted on family important things in their life, and thought about functioning in this model (╬▓=-0.57, t (79)=-6.19, something unexpected happening at work. This finding p<0.05) which suggested, social identification is consistent with a previous study by Wang, Repetti, influences on decrease workplace stressтАЩs affect on and Campos (2011) that individualтАЩs workplace stress family functioning. impacts on their family by their moods, thoughts, and Furthermore, there was a significant difference in coping behaviours. ParticipantтАЩs low family workplace stressтАЩs impact on family functioning when identification might appear as a decrease in a sense of the interaction term by social identification level was supporting each other, spending less time together and a added. The workplace stress variable was not low feeling of togetherness. significant, with the interaction between high social This tendency might be reasoned by following factors: identification and workplace stress included model (╬▓= firstly, it would depend on their job type. In fact, there -0.021, t (3.78)=-0.18, p=0.86). When the interaction is a high demand for teaching at university, in spite of between low social identification and workplace stress the average level of income. Mainly, faculty members was included in the model, workplace stress was have motivation to work an academic environment by significant (╬▓=0.41, t (3.78)=2.34, p=0.022). their scientific interest. In addition, teacherтАЩs stress In addition, there was correlation between workplace might be linked with their job conditions. Secondly, stress and family functioning r=0.60, for the participants cultural differences of participants might be influential whose social identification with their family low. In factors for their workplace stress which has impact on contrast, a correlation coefficient between workplace family functioning. In countries where the majority of stress and family functioning was reported r=0.42, for the population is Muslim the female has a choice of the people whose social identification with their family about working, but they are responsible for family were high. It can be seen that, the coefficient of the members тАШcaring, having children, organization family interaction between social identification and workplace support, and consequently keeping family stability. In stress was statistically significant for the moderation of fact, femaleтАЩs work load may be divided into two parts workplace stressтАЩs negative impact on family depending on cultural differences, before and after functioning. The coefficients with workplace stress were marriage. Despite being a successful worker in not significant when a high social identification variable education and academic fields, they prioritize their was added to the model. However, workplace stress was family conditions, but it is clear from previous findings a significant variable on family functioning, with the femalesтАЩ role as a worker is also a significant factor for low social identification interaction term. Finally, their work-life balance. This attitude might influence 37 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 2, No. 1-2, 2019 individualтАЩs sensitivity to workplace stressors which are significant role for decreasing workplace stressтАЩs related to their family functioning. influence to family functioning (Haslam & Reicher, However, there a high level of perceived stress indicated 2006). only among married female participants, excluding In fact, there individualтАЩs whose social identification males. This finding contradicted the previous conclusion with their family was low, showed poor family of Wang et al. (2001) that suggested men display more relationship patterns, such as having difficulties to form negative emotion as a result of workplace stress, report a bond with other members, and decrease sense a family high neuroticism and express more active and more as a central part their self-image. IndividualтАЩs social negative social behavior, but these patterns were not recourse from their family is a key variable in identified in women. However, the result has similarity establishing their confidence in their ability to cope with with the PennebakerтАЩs (1982) conclusion that women stress (Klink, Byars-Winston, & Bakken, 2008). are more likely to report symptoms of physical and Because when members have identity and categorize as emotional discomfort than men. This could be one group, this may influence their protecting group participantтАЩs in particular, femalesтАЩ cultural, members from adverse reactions to strain and demographic features. Moreover, it probably impacts of perceptions, increase a sense of support and responses their combination and attempt to satisfy two for workplace stress (Haslam et al., 2005). Furthermore, environment responsibilities. This result would be a social interaction might shape individualтАЩs significant factor for future research, as similarly psychological development by norms, roles and rules Seiffge-Krenke, Aunola, and Nurmi (2009) study about (1979) by reducing their stress. Previous finding by changes in stress perception and coping suggested that Haslam and Reicher (2006) claimed that when there is for workplace stress perception situational factors are lower a sense of social identification among members of more impactful than the levels of perceived stress. the group, this reduces the ability to resist the stressors. On the other hand, as Barnett and Baruch (1985) study In addition, social identification variable interacts concluded that working has play more significant effect significantly with workplace stress on family to female that impacted on their family relationship than functioning variable in the prediction of moderation for male. In contrast, Pleck (1985); Rosalind, Lois, and workplace stress effect, consistent with interactional Grace (1987) both study suggested that men are more model of personality theories (Endler & Magnusson, psychologically involved in their families than their 1976). Consistent with such theories, тАШactual behavior is work roles, and their well-being is dependent on family. determined by a continuous and multidirectional Thus, workplace stressтАЩs impact on family functioning interaction between person variables and situation among femaleтАЩs were clear, whereas participant - maleтАЩs variablesтАЩ (Magnusson & Endler, 1976) which means workplace stress might be influenced by femaleтАЩs social identification with family as a situation and workplace stressтАЩs affect on their family relationship. individualтАЩs responsibility to perceive and value family The Multiple linear regression analysis results showed as centrality as personal variables play an important role that the direct effect of workplace stress on their family changing stress. functioning reduced under the social identificationтАЩs The results of examination of workplace stressтАЩs moderating condition. It is because social identification negative association with family functioning, and social changes the mechanism depending on individualтАЩs identificationтАЩs role for workplace stress moderation social identification level with their family. In fact, the concluded that the higher level of individualтАЩs social nature of the workplace stressтАЩs impact on family identification with their family, the lower negative effect functioning changed as a result of the inclusion of from workplace stress on their family functioning. It is interaction between social identification and workplace because when their sense of identity is high, they might stress. This means, the effect of workplace stress to influence others emotionally which gives them power to family functioning was not significant in the presence of cope with stressors. Whereas negative social individualтАЩs high level social identification with their identification or poor relationship among members of family. It is because when individualтАЩs social family might a reason of workplace stressтАЩs significant identification with their family was high, their cognitive impact on family functioning. appraisal about family was central, and their ingroup ties Conclusions affected among members of family that caused to To conclude, workplace stress has a negative association decrease workplace stressтАЩs affect on family. For with faculty memberтАЩs family functioning. IndividualтАЩs instance, when their ingroup ties increase, members of high social identification with their family is an effective their families help and support each other, spend a lot of coping method with workplace stress and, moderates the time doing things together at home, also work hard at relationship between workplace stress and family what they do in their home. This feeling of togetherness functioning. 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Social IdentificationтАЩs Role for Work and Family Life Balance. International Journal of Science Annals, 2(1-2), 34тАУ39. doi:10.26697/ijsa.2019.1-2.05 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 39