International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. Education REVIEW ARTICLE ICT Concepts Development in Educational Theory and Practice since the Time of Independence of Ukraine AuthorsтАЩ Contribution: Chasnikova O. V.1 BDEF, Dubrovina I. V.2 DEG, A тАУ Study design; Zinchenko O. M.3 EFG B тАУ Data collection; 1 C тАУ Statistical analysis; Institute of Pedagogics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine 2 D тАУ Data interpretation; National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Ukraine 3 E тАУ Manuscript preparation; National Defense University of Ukraine named after Ivan Cherniakhovskyi, Ukraine F тАУ Literature search; G тАУ Funds collection Received: 16.05.2020; Accepted: 11.06.2020; Published: 30.06.2020 Abstract Background and The article deals with ICT concepts in the educational theory and practice of Ukraine. Aim of Study: It is noted that scientists are exploring different aspects such as a concept, a strategy for implementing the concept, real experience, etc. The analysis of ICT concepts in education which were created during the independence period, has highlighted a number of contradictions that accompany this process. The aim of the study: to consider ICT concepts which were created in the system of education in Ukraine during the independence period. Material and Methods: In the study, the following general scientific methods were used: analysis (historical and pedagogical), synthesis, comparison, generalization. Results: ICT concepts implemented in UkraineтАЩs education, not only attest to the emergence of innovative information and technological realities in the field of science and education, but also are considered to be new realities, and therefore need to be researched by scholars of different branches тАУ philosophers, educators, sociologists, psychologists, etc. тАУ both in terms of methodology and trends of changes in the reference field of educational informatization. Conclusions: ICT concepts in UkraineтАЩs education, created during the independence period, reflect the course of a controversial process of a state formation. Being innovative by design, concepts, laws, strategies, programs, etc. have been based on traditional, or even outdated, principles of state development. A legislative approval of the National Program of Informatization and periodic changes in innovative nature of its content in relation to ICT in education, showed progressive trends of conceptual importance. Keywords: ICT concepts in education of Ukraine, conceptualization, the New Ukrainian School, National educational electronic platform, pedagogy Copyright: ┬й 2020 Chasnikova O. V., Dubrovina I. V., Zinchenko O. M. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI and UDC DOI 10.26697/ijsa.2020.1.3; UDC 371.2-047.82:37.091.2-021.462(477) Conflict of interests: The author declares that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: This research did not receive any outside funding or support Information about Chasnikova Olena Volodymyrivna (Corresponding Author) тАУ https://orcid.org/0000- the authors: 0002-8535-6668; maxlen123@gmail.com; Doctor of Philosophy in Pedagogy, Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Pedagogics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Kyiv, Ukraine. Dubrovina Iryna Volodymyrivna тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6676-4789; Doctor of Philosophy in Pedagogy, Associate Professor of Pedagogical Creativity Department, National Pedagogical Dragomanov University; Kyiv, Ukraine. Zinchenko Olha Mykolayivna тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0733-3372; Researcher, the Center of Simulation Modeling, National Defense University of Ukraine named after Ivan Cherniakhovskyi; Kyiv, Ukraine. 16 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa IJSA Introduction of тАЬa handleтАЭ, that is, the means of fixing information at Education as a sociocultural phenomenon of state one or another level of complexity. World experience, formation and development focuses on the set of which has been offered to Ukrainian educators by achievements, problems and challenges that always foreign partners for over 20 years (educational projects accompany Ukraine during 29 years since the Intel, Microsoft, etc.), shows that the purpose of ICT is momentous event of gaining independence. Applying a to create, develop and implement innovative ideas in all metaphorical technique, we allow ourselves to use a spheres of peopleтАЩs and countryтАЩs lives. The experience conditional parallel to the interpretation of such words of the conceptual approach to the functioning of Silicon as тАЬa focusтАЭ and тАЬto focusтАЭ, defined in dictionaries as Valley is a confirmation of an exclusive mission of ICT 1) the point at which parallel rays (streams), refracted by concepts in the worldтАЩs socio-economic progress. lens or reflected by a spherical mirror, gather; 2) to Therefore, we consider the analysis of ICT concepts, adjust an optical system to get a clear image. In our created in the national educational theory and practice, opinion, the effective education system is the is an urgent problem that requires a scientific research in conditional point that focuses on (that is, reflects) the several areas such as a concept, a strategy for course of social changes, and which not only illustrates implementing the concept, real experience, and so on. the process of state development during the The aim of the study. To consider ICT concepts which independence period, but also it becomes the were created in the system of education in Ukraine mechanism and means of this development itself. The during the independence period. system of education is the basis for a scientific analysis of many components, including the diversity of ICT Materials and Methods implementation aspects in education, which collectively In the study, the following general scientific methods define a rare, unusual, exceptional, unique phenomenon were used: analysis (historical and pedagogical), and the name of this phenomenon is independent synthesis, comparison, generalization. Ukraine. Historical and pedagogical analysis of various sources In particular, the National report on the state and were used to see the historical dynamics in the prospects of education in Ukraine (Kremen, 2016) states development of the education system and the problems that twenty-five years of UkraineтАЩs independence have of developing ICT concepts in particular. been marked by the formation, implementation and modernization of state education policy. In the period up Results and Discussion to 2002, Ukrainian self-sufficient national education Scientists of Ukraine consider that it is urgent to study system which corresponded new social relations, gained general tendencies of reforming the national education an innovative potential for further development. Since system not only as a single unit, but also in relation to 1991, adopted laws on education, scientific and the development and approval of the information technical activities have certified national self- society. Specific phenomena and processes related to identification of education. The establishment of ICT in education are also studied, challenges and educational legislation began and the National Doctrine reasons for failure for achieving goals of the use of of Educational Development was approved (President of technology in education are analyzed (Gurzhiy & Ukraine, 2002). Lapinsky, 2013). In particular, Bykov, Spirin, and The next decade was marked by an increasing Pinchuk (2017) state that Ukraine has imbalanced transformational impact on education because of indicators or a significant lag behind the developed European integration and globalization. In national countries in the development of the information society. education, the gaps between the best European and The authors refer to the results of international studies world practices were evident; it also touched the ICT (International Telecommunication Union, 2016) and concept. Since 2014, a new perspective on the quality confirm the validity of the conclusion made by the level and social role of education has been established in experts who discussed the state of informatization of Ukraine. The innovative Laws of Ukraine тАЬOn Higher education during the round table talks: тАЬthe introduction EducationтАЭ, тАЬOn Scientific and Technical ActivitiesтАЭ, of modern technologies is significantly delayed, but an тАЬOn EducationтАЭ, Conceptual Principles of Secondary internal and external digital gap is increasing; there is no School Reform тАЬNew Ukrainian SchoolтАЭ (Ministry of consolidated national ICT development strategy. It Education and Science of Ukraine, 2016), numerous slows down the pace of creation and exchange of educational acts have been adopted. All these helped information, knowledge, experience and technologyтАЭ update national education systematically. Finally, the (Committee on Science and Education of the Verkhovna National strategy for the development of education in Rada of Ukraine, 2016). Ukraine in for the period up to 2021 (President of Bykov (2009) emphasizes that general tendencies of Ukraine, 2013) identified and consolidated main informatization of education are the formation tools of priorities of education at the state level. information and technological platform of open However, as it was proved by the educational practice, education. Gurzhiy and Lapinsky (2013) analyze in most cases these are only slogans about the informatization conditions of secondary education implementation of ICT concepts which sound really establishments, and he also generalizes problems and very well. The basis for this statement is the condition topical changes. of the use of ICT in the learning process at all levels of Morze (2010) as a developer of textbooks, techniques education. Unfortunately, in the interpretation of real and many other aspects of ICT implementation, offers educational practice, they mostly perform the function 17 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 strategic techniques for overcoming difficulties defining concept, which focuses on understanding the encountered by teachers. ICT concept as a phenomenon. We can assume that there ICT in high school is described in research of Melnyk is some inefficiency in the implementation of ICT in (2016); Kostikova (2018); etc. education of Ukraine and we have to deal with a lack of The experience of Ukrainian scientists in the proper conceptual approaches, i.e. a coherent system implementation of a whole complex of aspects under and a single defining concept. In addition, the concept is study is presented in (Ziaziun, 2014). However, there is not identical to theory or strategy, an educational policy a lack of specific researches that comprehensively or educational practice, but a specified identification is analyze ICT concepts in UkraineтАЩs educational theory often accompanied by a scientific research, which leads and practice. to a traditional confusion for researchers in the content A generalized definition of тАЬa conceptтАЭ (conceptio тАУ of definitions. understanding) is a system of views, one or another In our opinion, it forms a number of contradictions that understanding of phenomena and processes, a single, accompany ICT in the education of Ukraine (Figure 1). Firstly, the concept as a defining notion should represent the national importance of ICT, and not just the disparate scientific or legal foundations of particular aspects of Contradictions their implementation, mainly in the educational process at different levels that accompany Secondly, ICT strategies and programs should be based on a state-approved concept ICT in and should not be transformed into a set of loosely connected laws, programs, projects, strategies, etc. the education of Ukraine Thirdly, a systematic content of the ICT concept should comprehensively cover all spheres of the countryтАЩs life (science, economy, industry, medicine, etc.), as well as the society and every individual, but this content should not be reduced to some separate sectoral developments, even highly effective ones Figure 1. A number of contradictions that accompany ICT in the education of Ukraine. For example, the Program of informatization of the supplemented over the years (2006; 2011; 2013; 2016), legislative process in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine which affirms the importance of providing a conceptual for 2012-2017 (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 2012) and approach to solving problems of social and state the Resolution тАЬOn Measures for Creation of Electronic importance. Information System тАЬElectronic GovernmentтАЭ (Cabinet The latest version of this law provides the following of Ministers of Ukraine, 2003) should be based on understanding of informatization: тАЬInformatization is a common conceptual principles of the country regarding set of interrelated organizational, legal, political, socio- ICT, but their content does not mention this concept. economic, scientific, technical and production processes The question arises about the effectiveness of those ICT which are aimed at creating conditions for meeting concepts that could be identified as leading in UkraineтАЩs information needs of the society and a realization of education. Since ICT concepts are dialectically linked to citizensтАЩ rights on the basis of development and the use such global concepts as the information society and the of information systems, networks, resources and informatization of education, they must be provided information technologies, created with the help of with deep scientific development, validation, validity, modern computer and communication technologies legislative documents, highly qualified specialists, (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 2016). logistical resources, etc. The National Commission is defined as a strategic At the legislative level, since UkraineтАЩs independence, a regulatory authority of the country in the field of considerable number of laws, decrees, etc. have been information technologies. The Commission carries out adopted, and they cover this interconnection and state regulations in the field of communication and determine the diversity of their implementation in informatization. The official site of this Commission education in order to create an information society in the states that the state regulations should ensure the country on the basis of inclusive informatization. Here systematic, comprehensive and coherent development are only the most significant ones that were defined of the countryтАЩs informatization. The National during the first decade (Table 1). Programme of Informatization includes: The Concept of Even a cursory glance at the legislative field of the first the National Programme of Informatization, a set of twentieth anniversary of countryтАЩs independence State Programs for Informatization, sectoral programs concerning ICT allows us to argue that the conceptual and information projects, regional programs and view of this problem is largely characterized by the Law information projects, programs and projects for of Ukraine тАЬOn the National Program of informatization of local self-government bodies. The InformatizationтАЭ (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 1998), National Program of Informatization (Verkhovna Rada this law has been systematically updated and of Ukraine, 2016) defines a strategy for solving the 18 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa IJSA problem of providing information needs and activities of national importance. Main areas of information support for socio-economic, environmental, informatization are presented in Figure 2. scientific, technical, defense, national, cultural and other Table 1. The list of the most significant legislative documents on creation an information society in the country on the basis of inclusive informatization. Document type Document title Year of implementation The Law of Ukraine On the Concept of the National Program for Informatization 1998 On General Secondary Education 1999 On Basic Principles of Information Society Development in Ukraine for 2007-2015 2007 The Decree of the President of On Measures to Develop a National Component of the Global Internet Information 2000 Ukraine Network and Provide Wide Access to this Network in Ukraine On Additional Measures to Ensure the Development of Education in Ukraine 2001 On Urgent Measures to Ensure the Functioning and Development of Education in 2005 Ukraine On Priority Tasks for Introduction of the Latest Information Technologies 2005 On Measures to Ensure Development of Education in Ukraine as a Priority 2010 The Verkhovna Rada On Approval of the Regulation on Information of the Verkhovna Rada Advisory 1998 Resolution Council The Resolution of the Cabinet On Approval of the Regulation on the Formation and Implementation of the National 1998 of Ministers of Ukraine Informatization Program On Approval of the Program of Informatization of Secondary Comprehensive 2001 Schools, Computerization of Rural Schools during 2001-2003 On Approval of the Comprehensive Program which Provides General, Vocational and Higher Educational Institutions with Modern Technical means of Education for 2004 Natural, Mathematical and Technical Disciplines On Approval of the State Program тАЬInformation and Communication Technologies in 2005 Education and Science for 2006-2010тАЭ The State National Program Education (21st Century Ukraine) 1993 The National Doctrine The National Doctrine of Educational Development 2002 The State Program The State Teacher Program 2002 The Development Program The Development Program of Distance Learning during 2004-2006 2004 The Concept The Concept of Development of Distance Education in Ukraine 2000 The Concept of General Secondary Education (12-years school) 2001 Main areas of informatization The development of policy, organizational and legal support of informatization The formation of national information infrastructure Informatization of strategic directions of state development, security and defense Informatization of processes of socio-economic development Informatization of priority sectors of economy Informatization of financial and monetary system, countryтАЩs financial and economic control Informatization of the social sphere Informatization in the field of ecology and use of natural resources Informatization of science, education and culture International cooperation Figure 2. Main areas of informatization. 19 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 Although, the position on informatization of science and since 2000 national ICT strategies had been applied in education in the list above is almost the last, in our all European countries. In particular ICT strategies in opinion, the content indicates that the process of education are aimed at implementation and the use of expected conceptualization of ICT has begun. ICT. Trends in the development of modern education Among the documents adopted during the specified systems in European countries are adjusted to the digital period, only two were designated as concepts: 1) the agenda for Europe (Fact Sheets on the European Union, Concept of Development of Distance Education in 2020). Digital policy for Europe can be seen as the ICT Ukraine (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, concept because it defines a state-wide approach to a 2000), and 2) the Concept of General Secondary wide range of components: providing the population Education (a 12-years school) (Ministry of Education with electronic services; creating a fast and secure and Science of Ukraine, 2001). Both concepts formally broadband network; helping EuropeтАЩs population gain fit the purpose, but rather give a desirable perspective on high-level ICT skills, etc. Today, 28 European countries ICT implementation. For example, the Concept of have national ICT strategies in education which are General Secondary Education (a 12-years school) based on the concept. And if Finland and Poland are just (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, 2001) starting to form ICT strategies in education, then only states that students need to own a computer, but Sweden has significant national gains along the way. obviously this is not enough. The integration of Ukraine into the European We support VashkevychтАЩs (2016, p. 133) statement community of states, in particular into the European about the essence of the conceptualization phenomenon educational space, citizensтАЩ demands for competitive as the basis for the conclusion: тАЬConceptualization is a education, powerful theoretical and methodological theoretical organization of ontological representations. studies in various fields of economic and social It reflects possible tendencies for changes of a reference knowledge, have led to the updating of previously field of the research and allows us to produce new defined scientific principles and legislative approaches hypotheses about the character and nature of to ICT implementation in the system of education. This interconnections of the information society, evolving in also has led to the development of fundamentally new the conditions of globalized society and which is documents that can be recognized as ICT concepts described in special terms тАУ concepts. The conceptual because of the perspective of the goals and the content scheme determines a theoretical understanding of study value. integrity, supports the systematic representation and The benchmark in the integration processes of Ukraine semantic essence of a research paradigm. Within the is the analysis of Turkish scientific research. Ozar structure of scientific theory, the conceptual scheme of (2013a) demonstrates the need for planning, research is being transformed as a fundamental implementation and evaluation of educational theoretical scheme, which should be interpreted as the experience in schools. The author emphasizes on the scientific picture of the world in the context of the need to identify the cognitive, affective, dynamic and historical evolution of the scientific picture of the social features of students. In his opinion, it is important worldтАЭ. According to this approach, the ICT concept in to regularly monitor the development stages of each education as a phenomenon of national importance at a aspect in the process and communicate the results to all goal-setting level should be recognized as the basis of interested parties (Ozar, 2013a, p. 25). Exploring the strategies, programs, projects, etc. at all levels of problem of continuous learning, Ozar (2013b) in another countryтАЩs existence, and, of course, in the field of publication claims that education professionals can help education, based on its priority role, ensuring its own another person learn. For this reason, in schools should concept. focus on the phenomenon of learning. тАЬTeachersтАЭ It is evident that most European countries have teaching at the school according to the principles of developed and implemented their national ICT concepts traditional education, mainly act by the reflex of as a wide range of actions at the national level, ensuring controlling the behaviour of тАЬstudentsтАЭ (Ozar, 2013b, the use of the Internet by all citizens, acquiring ICT p. 39). competences in the education system of different levels In 2010, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved and purpose, as well as specifying ICT strategies in the Concept of the State Targeted Program on education as a key public sector. Introducing ICT into the Educational Process of The Eurydice European Education Network has carried Secondary Educational Establishments тАЬOne Hundred out a comparative analysis of Key Data on Learning and PercentтАЭ for the period up to 2015 in order to realize Innovation through ICT at School in Europe (EACEA equal access to quality education, comprehensive P9 Eurydice, 2011). The activities of schools in more approach to the use of modern technical, than 30 European countries in 2009-2010 were methodological, educational information resources, analyzed: how they teach in general and how they teach building the information society. The draft of National ICT in schools, how they use ICT to bring innovation to Strategy for the Development of Education in Ukraine the educational process, and how they support students. for 2012-2021, approved by the third all-Ukrainian The evolution of ICT infrastructure at schools was also Congress of Teachers, prioritized the introduction of studied in terms of networking, hardware and software ICT to ensure the improvement of the educational development. The use of ICT in the educational process process, the accessibility and effectiveness of education and their implementation in curricula were also under and preparation of the young generation for social life. the research. The role of ICT in the formation of the 21st The timeliness and importance of these documents have century skills was examined separately. They found that been exacerbated by the demands of educational 20 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa IJSA practice, and they have begun the process of developing are very important nowadays. Understanding the ethics conceptualization of education concerning ICT. We of working with information (copyright, intellectual share ZhaldakтАЩs (2013) opinion that the problems of property, etc.) sometimes can be crucial in modern informatization of the educational process are complex society. and, above all, pedagogical. These problems determine This concept has become the basis for the emergence of the content of a new branch of pedagogical knowledge the Concept of providing secondary education recipients that goes far beyond the school course of informatics with E-textbooks and other electronic educational and covers the whole educational process, which resources тАЬThe National Educational Electronic becomes more democratic and humanistic because of PlatformтАЭ (Ministry of Education and Science of the skillful ICT application. Thus, the prerequisites for Ukraine, 2017), approved by the working group on the the justification and implementation of open educational development of the Concept of the National Educational systems are created. Consequently, the emergence of Electronic Platform at the meeting in December 15, such concepts is conditioned by the renewal of public 2017, chaired by the Minister of Education. The needs and citizensтАЩ individual requests for effective introduction of the document states that the Concept was education. prepared as a result of a public policy dialogue. More In 2016, the Ministry of Education and Science of than 20 expert interviews, extensive desk studies on the Ukraine published the first version of тАЬConceptual best foreign experience, three working group meetings, Principles of Secondary Education ReformтАЭ and invited an extended meeting on the role of e-textbooks, more everyone to discuss it. The document made the ideology than 10 workshops and Skype conferences were of changes in education clear, and it was embedded in organized. In order to implement the Concept, the draft of a new basic Law тАЬOn EducationтАЭ. The socio- memorandums of understanding public, international political dialogue over the Conceptual Framework for and donor organizations will be signed. By the end of more than 3 years has led to numerous responses both in 2020, the legal acts which are necessary to start the the media and on social networks. The introduction to process will be elaborated. The documents will be the New Ukrainian School concept states that more than developed as a result of a dialogue between experts, 60 letters with comments and proposals were sent by stakeholders, government agencies, public and active citizens and public organizations, individual international organizations. Thus, as a concept, the educators and pedagogical teams of educational National Educational Electronic Platform (Ministry of institutions as well as by local education councils. As a Education and Science of Ukraine, 2018) defines a set result of the dialogue, a revised version was created. Of of documents, measures, resources to achieve the course, all the proposals cannot be taken into account, expected results in providing secondary education but we tried to satisfy public requests, add essential recipients with E-textbooks and other electronic points, take into account constructive criticism. Thus, educational resources. the New Ukrainian School is, in fact, the first document Scientists Sosnin and Kononets (2017); Voronkova in education that conceptually corresponds to the (2015) consider new information and technological content and purpose. realities of communication in the scientific and In particular, the Concept defines the formula of a new educational activities to be the key features of innovative school: the school should be at the forefront of social development of society defines the Internet as a new changes, because тАЬin Ukraine, as well as in the whole supranational reality, Kyrychenko (2017) points to the world, the so-called generation Y, or тАЬchildren of the conceptualization of the ideology dimensions of the millenniumтАЭ, is gaining its value. For them life means is information society in the humanitarian and scientific constant creativity, harmony between making money discourse of the 21st century. Predicting the further and learning something new, self-improvement and development of conceptual models in educational having funтАЭ. The formula of the new school consists of policy, most participants of the International Conference nine key components, including the тАЬcross-cutting use тАЬEducation Reform in Ukraine: Information and of information and communication technologies in the Analytical SupportтАЭ (State Scientific Institution educational process and management of educational тАЬInstitute of Educational AnalyticsтАЭ, 2017) noted that institutions and the education system. The introduction aspects related to ICT needed 1) the methodology of of ICT in the educational sector must move from one- researches to be updated, 2) to identify relevant issues, off projects to a systematic process that covers all 3) to have practical orientation, etc. For example, activities. ICTs will significantly increase a teacherтАЩs Savchenko (2017) points to the need for scientific capabilities, optimize management processes, and as a substantiation of public administration principles (in result form the technological competencies which are accordance with the theory and practice of public important to our students in this centuryтАЭ (Ministry of educational policy) and a conceptual definition of a Education and Science of Ukraine, 2016). Among the 10 public management paradigm. key competences of the New Ukrainian School there is a digital competence, which implies confident, yet Conclusions critical use of information and communication To conclude the article, it should be noted that ICT technologies (ICT) for creating, finding, processing, concepts in UkraineтАЩs education, created during the exchanging information at work, in public space and in independence period, reflect the course of a private communication. 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[in technologies and innovative teaching methods Ukrainian] for training specialists: methodology, theory, Zhaldak, M. I. (2013). Problemy informatyzatsii experience, problems]. Kyiv-Vinnytsia: TOV navchalnoho protsesu v serednikh i vyshchykh firma тАЬPlanerтАЭ. [in Ukrainian] navchalnykh zakladakh [Problems of Cite this article as: Chasnikova, O. V., Dubrovina, I. V., & Zinchenko, O. M. (2020). ICT Concepts Development in Educational Theory and Practice since the Time of Independence of Ukraine. International Journal of Science Annals, 3(1), 16тАУ24. doi:10.26697/ijsa.2020.1.3 The electronic version of this article is complete and can be found online at: http://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/arhiv This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 24