International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. Rehabilitation ORIGINAL RESEARCH Sensorimotor Criteria for the Formation of the Autonomic Overstrain of the AthletesтАЩ Cardiovascular System AuthorsтАЩ Contribution: Romanchuk O. P.1 ABCDG, Guzii O. V.2 BDFG A тАУ Study design; B тАУ Data collection; 1 Odesa Medical Institute of International Humanitarian University, Ukraine C тАУ Statistical analysis; 2 Ivan Boberskiy Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Ukraine D тАУ Data interpretation; E тАУ Manuscript preparation; F тАУ Literature search; G тАУ Funds collection Received: 25.05.2020; Accepted: 17.06.2020; Published: 30.06.2020 Abstract Background and Determination of sensorimotor function is an important area of psychophysiological Aim of Study: features study of the athletesтАЩ body, which are essential for the analysis of cognitive processes, assessment of the central nervous system functional state, sensory sensitivity, development of motor skills, psychophysiological and neurophysiological parameters of brain. The aim of the study: to define the changes of indexes of the central regulation of sensorimotor function of highly skilled sportsmen at forming of the cardiovascular system overstrain. Material and Methods: On results research of the cardiovascular system with the use of spiroarteriocardiorhythmography before, after load and a next morning in 19 sportsmen of men, which the overstrains of the cardiovascular system was forming, were determine: at 10 тАУ on a sympathetic type, at 9 тАУ on a parasympathetic type. In parallel was determination of index of switching of central settings (SCS) which received from data of research of the sensorimotor system with the use of device the тАЬComputer motion meterтАЭ. Results: Right after intensive physical activity the meaningful acceleration of SCSl (p<0.05) and meaningful deceleration of SCSr (p<0.05) is marked at an overstrain on a sympathetic type, and also meaningful deceleration of SCSl (p<0.05) and meaningful acceleration of SCSr (p<0.01) at an overstrain on a parasympathetic type. In the period of recovery deceleration of SCSl and SCSr (p<0.05) at a sympathetic overstrain, and also stability of index of SCSl by comparison to afterload and meaningful dynamics of SCSr (p<0.05) is marked at a parasympathetic overstrain. Conclusions: At a sympathetic and parasympathetic overstrain the characteristic asymmetric changes of indexes of SCS that can testify to the primary flow of ergotrophic and trophotrophic processes in the organism of sportsmen are marked. Keywords: sensorimotor regulating, overstrain of the cardiovascular system, sportsmen, physical load, sympathetic and parasympathetic overstrains Copyright: ┬й 2020 Romanchuk O. P., Guzii O. V. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI and UDC DOI 10.26697/ijsa.2020.1.6; UDC 615.825:612.176 Conflict of interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: This research did not receive any outside funding or support Information about Romanchuk Olexander Petrovych тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6592-2573; Doctor the authors: of Medical Sciences, Professor, International Humanitarian University; Odesa, Ukraine. Guzii Oksana Volodymyrivna (Corresponding Author) тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0001- 5420-8526; o.guzij@gmail.com; Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Education and Sport, Associate Professor, Ivan Boberskiy Lviv State University of Physical Culture; Lviv, Ukraine. 46 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa IJSA Introduction Determination of sensorimotor function is an important competitive activities and in the process of individual area of psychophysiological features study of the training of athletes at different stages of preparation, athletes body (Berdychevskaia, Troiskaia, & Fokin, which necessitated our study. 2009; Craig, 2005), which are essential for the analysis Let us remind that the general structural scheme of the of cognitive processes (Oppenheimer, Gelb, Girvin, & organization of sensorimotor processes is a reflex ring Hachinski, 1992), assessment of the central nervous (Nicolas, Vacher, Martinent, & Mourot, 2019; Pankova system (CNS) functional state, sensory sensitivity & Karganov, 2013). Sensory information coming from (Guzii, Romanchuk, & ╨Ьahlovanyy, 2020; Noskin et analyzers initiates regulates and controls movements. al., 2005), development of motor skills, Coordination of sensory and motor components of the psychophysiological and neurophysiological parameters motor act is the most important condition for the of brain functioning (Boloban, 2006; Kuznetsova, functioning of sensory systems (Herpin et al., 2010; Sychov, & ╨Хg╨╛r╨╛v╨░, 2017). Skyba, Pshenychna, & Ustymenko-Kosorich, 2017; A large number of scientific publications are devoted to Thayer, Yamamoto, & Brosschot, 2010). Sensorimotor the study of simple and complex sensorimotor reactions reactions are first of all characterized by such of athletes, which are aimed at determining the psychophysiological concept as тАЬreaction timeтАЭ (the characteristics of the organization of sensorimotor term is habitually understood as the time interval function taking into account the type of sport, gender, between the appearance of a signal and the reaction of a training experience, stages of the training process, etc. response). (Fokin, Boravova, Galkin, Ponomarev, & Shimko, This is a complex formation, which is determined by the 2009; Mittly, N├йmeth, Ber├йnyi, & Mint├бl, 2016; Shlyk, sum total of the following elements (Bezrukikh et al., 2009). However, there is little research into the central 2000): mechanisms of athletesтАЩ sensorimotor function due to - the rate of excitation of the receptor and the the complexity of using existing methods in the training transmission of the impulse to the appropriate center of process (Sorokina, Selitsky, Ilina, & Zherdeva, 2018). sensitivity; First of all, this relates to the methods of studying the - the speed of signal processing in the CNS; activity of the cerebral cortex. Let us point out that - the speed of deciding to respond to a signal; among the latter ones is electroencephalography, the - the speed of signal transmission before the start of method of evoked potentials, positron emission action on the efferent fibers; tomography (Craig, 2005). The method of studying the - the rate at which the excitation of the muscle develops level of constant potential (LCP) has become and the inertia of the body or its individual part is widespread (╨бhikurov, Fedorov, Voinich, & Khudik, overcome. 2016; Romanchuk, 2003). The reproduction of all these methods in the practice of An important component of the study of sensorimotor rapid diagnostics of the basic properties of the nervous responses is the understanding of the processes that system of the person is either completely excluded or occur at the central level of movement organization, extremely time consuming, so for many years there have which is related to the mechanisms of intra- and inter- been searches for fairly simple, but objective tests to hemispheric interaction. The latter are analyzed taking determine the basic properties of the CNS: the strength into account the activity of both hemispheres and and functional mobility of the nervous processes, determine the level of functional motor asymmetry balance of excitation-braking activities (Pankova, (Brahina & Dobrohotova, 1988; Pestryaev & S╨░fina, 2003). 2014). Among the components of the тАЬreaction timeтАЭ, the It is well known that a modern approach to assessing the parameter characterizing the central level of interrelation between functional asymmetries and the organization of movements is the speed of processing success of sports activities is linked to an understanding information in the CNS with the decision to respond to of the dynamic nature of functional interhemispheric a signal. interaction. Functional asymmetry is believed to play a That is why our attention was drawn to the method of regulatory role (Bellenger et al., 2016; Craig, 2005; estimating the sensorimotor function using the Guzii, 2019). It provides coordinate presetting of тАЬComputer Motion MeterтАЭ (CMM-03), which is unilateral motor actions. The latter suggests that motor distinguished by the indicator of switching central asymmetry is a prerequisite for enhancing the settings (SCS), which characterizes the central level of organismтАЩs capacity under spatio-temporal conditions of regulation of movements, namely the time of decision existence (Grabinenko & Zhurba, 2017). Under these about changing the characteristics of motion (Guzii et conditions, the distribution of functions between the al., 2020; Korobeynikov & Korobeynikova, 2014). hemispheres of the brain, not being absolute, forms a The aim of the study. To determine changes in the moving, flexible profile of the hemispheric asymmetry indicators of the central regulation of the sensorimotor of the brain, the range of adaptive functions of the function of highly skilled athletes in formation of the hemispheric interactions and the dynamics of the main cardiovascular system overstrain. nervous, humoral and immune processes, on which the effectiveness of adaptation to sports activity depends. In Materials and Methods this aspect, according to most authors (Crollen, Albouy, The algorithm of our study involved the study of Lepore, & Collignon, 2017), the most promising is the parameters and indicators that define the changes of the study of the dynamics of functional asymmetries in sensorimotor and cardiorespiratory systems under the 47 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 influence of intense physical activity, as well as during football) participated under the impact of various intense the recovery period. The computer motion meter physical activities, which were performed in the (CMM) was used to investigate the sensorimotor system preparatory, pre-competitive and competitive periods of (Noskin et al., 2005; Pivovarov, 2006). The study of the the annual training cycle. According to the results of the cardiorespiratory system was performed using the SACR, 19 athletes were identified with observed тАЬSpiroarteriocardioritmografтАЭ (SACR) (Guzii & changes according to HRV measurements, which Romanchuk, 2018; Noskin et al., 2005) before indicated the development of cardiovascular system examination of the sensorimotor system. The tests were overstrain (Guzii, 2019). performed before exercise (S1), immediately after The determination of overstrain was based on the exercise (S2), and the next after exercise (S3) morning evaluation of changes in autonomic regulation of cardiac (stages of the study). rhythm, which was suggested by Shlyck (2009) and According to this algorithm, 202 highly skilled male considered the stress index as well as ANS activity in athletes aged 22.6┬▒2.8 years were studied using CMM the very low frequency diapason (VLF). In general, and SACR. Experience in sports was 10.3┬▒3.1 years. In there are 4 types of autonomous regulation of heart rate our study, highly skilled athletes of acyclic sports (Figure 1). (karate, taekwondo, kickboxing, boxing, water polo, Type II Type I indicates a decrease in the functional state of indicates a moderate strain regulatory systems, the development of fatigue Types of autonomous regulation of heart rate Type IV Type III indicates the overstrain of autonomous regulation indicates the optimal state of regulation or a state of good training Figure 1. Types of autonomous regulation of heart rate. Determining the type of autonomic regulation of cardiac were noted into overstrain of the sympathetic type, and rhythm at each stage of the study (S1, S2 and S3) allowed OG2 consisting of 9 athletes, who were noted into us to establish characteristic changes of types under the overstrain of parasympathetic type. The comparison influence of intense physical load (Guzii, 2019). At the group (CG) consisted of totally 202 highly skilled same time, variants that characterized the activity of the athletes. sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of regulation With the help of CMM, the results of performing three were fixed in the dynamics of observations. We have simple motor tests (Crollen et al., 2017; Pankova, 2003) assigned the following options: performed by the right and left hands determined 25 - option 1: with the initial optimal state of the regulatory digital motion parameters. In this study we will looked systems, or the overstrain of autonomous regulation (III the change of the parameter of the switching of central and IV type); after intensive training load тАУ reduction of settings (SCS, sec.), which reveals the activity of the the functional state of the regulatory systems (type II); prefrontal cerebral cortex and, given the asymmetry, can on the next after training morning тАУ a decrease in the be informative about of the course energy processes in functional state of regulatory systems (type II). Such the body of athletes (Romanchuk, 2007). In Figure 2 variant was registered in 10 cases and characterized the shown principle of measured this parameter. development of overstrain of the cardiovascular system This test consists in performing repeated turns of the by sympathetic type; lever in the horizontal plane left and right in the range - option 2: with initial overstrain of autonomous indicated by light markers. The task is determined by the regulation (type IV); after intensive training load тАУ instruction: тАЬWill necessary turning the lever as fast as optimal state of regulatory systems, or overstrain of possible from the one light marker to another. You will autonomous regulation (╨Ж╨Ж╨Ж and ╨ЖV types); the next need to change the direction of movement exactly on the morning after training тАУ overstrain of autonomous light marker.тАЭ This instruction defines the main feature regulation (type IV). This variant was registered in 9 of the motor task тАУ the conflict between the requirements cases and characterized the development of the of accuracy and speed. Accordingly, with the help of this cardiovascular system overstrain by parasympathetic test, an individual balance is determined for each subject type. between the maximum possible speed and accuracy of According to the results of the selection, we formed 2 movement, which is achieved during the observation groups: OG1 consisted of 10 athletes, who implementation of the task. 48 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa IJSA Figure 2. The principle of determining the SCS (sec) in a motion test with use the device тАЬCMMтАЭ. SCS is measured as follows. After making turns of the smaller values of body mass (BM) (p<0.05), body mass lever with a stable amplitude for 10тАУ15 sec (the period index (BMI) (p<0.05), chest circumferences (╨бC) of тАЬworking onтАЭ into a certain moving mode), one of the (p<0.05), contours abdomen (p<0.05), contours hips LEDs is suddenly turned off for the subject and another (p<0.05), significantly greater values of thorax mobility pair of markers is turned on. The distance between them (p<0.05), force index (FI) (p<0.05). Significant were the and the position on the perimeter differ from those for differences in systolic blood pressure (ATS) (p<0.05), the previous pair. In accordance with the changed vegetative index (p<0.05), Robinson index (p<0.05), position of the signals defining the range of lever turns, Baevsky AP (p<0.05), which are significantly smaller the subject must urgently change the mode of movement and indicate a better functional state of the body and a тАУ its amplitude and spatial orientation. In the test prog- pronounced predominance of parasympathetic effects. ram, the movement mode changes twice for each hand. This fact is confirmed by significantly higher values of Non-parametric methods of analysis using Wilcoxon the physical state level (PSL) according to Pirogova and Mann-Whitney criteria were used to identify (p<0.05). differences between groups and indicators in the At the same time in OG1 compared with CG differences dynamics of observation. show significantly greater values of body mass, (p<0.05), body area, (p<0.05), chest excursions, Results (p<0.05), hips (p<0.05), abdomen (p<0.05) and fat In Table 1 presents the characteristic differences of content (p<0.05). There are lower SBP values (p<0.05) routine indicators of body structure and cardiovascular against higher DBP values (p<0.05). However, all other activity in the groups being analyzed. The differences routine indicators and indices of the cardiovascular from the CG in OG2, which relate to: significantly system from the CG are not significantly different. Table 1. Morphofunctional differences athletes at baseline at overstrain by sympathetic (OG1) and parasympathetic (OG2) in comparison with comparison group (CG). CG OG1 OG2 Parameter n=202 n=10 n=9 BM, kg 72.0 (62.0; 82.0) 80.0 (61.0; 94.0)a 66.5 (61.0; 81.0)b Length, ╤Бm 179.0 (170.0; 185.0) 181.5 (170.0; 189.0) 179.0 (175.0; 185.0) BMI, kg/m2 22.5 (20.9; 25.2) 23.6 (21.4; 27.3) 20.5 (19.9; 24.2)ab Body area, m2 1.92 (1.74; 2.04) 2.02 (1.70; 2.18)a 1.85 (1.74; 2.03)b Chest circumferences, cm 96.0 (91.0; 101.0) 98.5 (89.0; 113.0) 91.0 (90.0; 96.0)ab aa Thorax mobility , cm 7.0 (5.0; 8.0) 8.5 (7.0; 10.0) 8.0 (7.5; 9.0)a Contours abdomen, cm 78.0 (74.0; 86.5) 82.5 (74.0; 92.0) 75.0 (73.0; 82.0)ab a Contours hip, cm 52.0 (48.0; 56.5) 56.0 (50.0; 60.0) 48.0 (45.0; 57.0)ab F╨Ж, % 64.4 (59.5; 68.9) 64.5 (51.1; 77.3) 66.3 (55.6; 68.9)a VLC, ml 4800 (4400; 5600) 4850 (4400; 6600) 4850 (4500; 4900) VI, ml/kg 67.9 (61.9; 73.1) 65.2 (62.9; 70.2) 69.3 (59.3; 73.8) BFP, % 11.8 (8.7; 18.1) 18.4 (8.1; 19.0)a 13.3 (6.5; 20.3) SBP, mmHg 120 (110; 130) 115 (110; 120)a 115 (100; 120)a a DBP, mmHg 70 (64; 80) 80 (70; 80) 70 (70; 80) Vegetative index -0.19 (-0.35; -0.05) -0.27 (-0.59; -0.05) -0.34 (-0.45; -0.28)ab RobinsonтАЩs index 71.8 (64.6; 81.8) 73.6 (65.1; 75.7) 60.3 (51.7; 75.8)ab BaevskyтАЩs AP 2.02 (1.87; 2.25) 1.98 (1.84; 2.12) 1.79 (1.52; 1.99)abb PirogovaтАЩs LPS 0.746 (0.672; 0.822) 0.736 (0.692; 0.762) 0.823 (0.753; 0.901)ab Note. тАУ p<0.05, тАУ p<0.01, between OG1 and OG2 in comparison with CG; тАУ p<0.05, тАУ p<0.01, between OG2 and a aa b bb OG1. 49 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 Table 2 presents the absolute values of the measurement test with the right hand in the initial state in OG2, the of SCS when performing the test with the right and left greatest slowdown of SCSl (P-value<0.05) was hands at all stages of observation of athletes. The most observed among the studied groups. That is, a reduction significant acceleration in the initial state (S1) of the SCS in the time of SCSl and SCSr prior to exercise may when performing the test with the left (SCSl) and right predict an excessively sympathetic response to the (SCSr) hands was in OG1 compared with ╨бG and OG2 cardiovascular system. (P-value<0.05). At the same time, when performing the Table 2. Differences in switching rates of switching of central settings in highly skilled athletes under the influence of intense training load and in the period of early recovery thereafter. Control CG OG1 OG2 Parameter point n=202 n=10 n=9 S1 1.62 (1.15; 2.42) 1.26 (0.96; 1.38)a 1.90 (1.49; 2.20)b SCS l S2 1.49 (1.07; 2.29) 0.96 (0.91; 1.82)ac 2.20 (1.38; 3.22) bca S3 1.67 (1.24; 2.35) 1.65 (1.24; 2.09)cd 2.45 (1.68; 3.11) abc S1 1.62 (1.07; 3.08) 1.15 (0.85; 1.51)a 1.82 (1.71; 2.12) abb SCS r S2 1.57 (1.13; 3.36) 1.51 (1.24; 1.65)c 1.38 (1.26; 1.46) abcc S3 2.04 (1.21; 3.77)dc 1.95 (1.13; 2.28)cd 1.73 (1.13; 1.76) abcd Note. a тАУ p<0.05, between OG1 and OG2 in comparison with CG; b тАУ p<0.05, bb тАУ p<0.01, between OG1 and OG2; c тАУ p<0.05, cc тАУ p<0.01, between S2 and S3 in comparison with S1; d тАУ p<0.05, between S2 and S3. At S2, sufficiently characteristic changes are observed, slowdown is observed when performing the test with the which indicate the absence of changes in the SCSl and left hand, in comparison with the initial state, and it does SCSr indicators in ╨бG, a significant acceleration of not differ from the state after exercises and is SCSl (P-value<0.05) and a significant slowdown of significantly slower than in the OG (P-value<0.05) and SCSr (P-value<0.05) in OG1, as well as a significant at sympathetic overstrain (P-value<0.05). On the other slowdown of SCSl (P-value<0.05) and a significant hand, when performing the test with the right hand, the acceleration of SCSr (P-value<0.01) in OG2. That is, SCSr has intermediate values between S1 and S2, which after physical load a significant acceleration of the indicates the reverse tendency of the central processes of accelerated SCSl in the initial state, which is sensorimotor regulation the next morning after training, accompanied by a significant slowing of the accelerated which, at the same time, are significantly faster than in SCSr in the initial state, can predict an excessively the OG (P-value<0.05) and at sympathetic overstrain (P- sympathetic response of the cardiovascular system. On value<0.05). the other hand, significant slowdown (within the That is, characteristic asymmetric changes at the central regulatory limits) of the SCSl against the background of level of regulation of sensorimotor function are noted at significant acceleration (within the regulatory limits) of sympathetic and parasympathetic overstrains of the the SCSr can predict excessive parasympathetic cardiovascular system of athletes. response of the cardiovascular system. At S2, changes in SCS indices in ╨бG indicate a Discussion significant slowdown of SCSr (P-value<0.05) compared According to the results of the analysis of the data in the to S1 and S2 with the invariance of SCSl; in OG1, SCSl initial state, before physical activity, rather informative and SCSr indicators indicate a significant increase differences between the studied groups were revealed, compared to S1 and S2 (P-value<0.05); in OG2, SCSl is which indicated a greater speed of the processes of significantly different from S1 (P-value<0.05) but not S2, switching movements in the cortical motor areas of both and SCSr is significantly less than S1 (P-value <0.05) hemispheres in individuals who subsequently formed an and significantly greater than S2 (P-value<0.05). That is, overreaction of the sympathetic division of the ANS, characteristic of OG1 the next morning after training is which led to overstrain of the cardiovascular system. the slowdown of the central level of regulation of An asymmetric functional response to intense physical sensorimotor function in comparison with the baseline activity, characterized by significant acceleration of level when performing tests with the right and left hands. central processes in the right hemisphere and significant The OG2 is characterized by a slowdown of the central slowdown in the left, is different for sympathetic level of regulation of the sensorimotor function overstrain. This information complements the data compared to the baseline level when performing the test obtained by Fokin et al. (2009) in the study of the level with the left hand and speeding up when performing the of constant potential of the brain, which indicate the test with the right hand. greater importance of the right hemisphere in In the development of overstrain of cardiovascular determining the effects of stress. It should also be system at a sympathetic type, the slowdown of the SCS mentioned that, according to many scientists with both the right and left hand is noted, as compared (Berdychevskaia et al., 2009; Noskin et al, 2005), the to the initial state and the state after physical activity. In change of the dominant hemisphere occurs when the this case, the SCS values do not differ in the OG. At the athleteтАЩs performance is reduced. However, in this case same time, at overstrain by parasympathetic type, the it is not possible to talk about it. 50 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa IJSA Importantly, the asymmetric functional response to Ethical approval physical activity, but of the opposite orientation, is also Permission for this study was obtained from the ethics characteristic of parasympathetic overstraining. It is committee of both institutions and informed consent was characterized by slowing of the central processes in the obtained from athletes. premotor zone of the right hemisphere and acceleration in the left hemisphere. That is, given the data obtained References by Pestryayev and Safina (2014), who showed that in Bellenger, C. R., Fuller, J. T., Thomson, R. L., most cases the left hemisphere has closer functional Davison, K., Robertson, E. Y., & Buckley, J. D. connections with trophotropic systems of regulation and (2016). 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Sensorimotor Criteria for the Formation of the Autonomic Overstrain of the AthletesтАЩ Cardiovascular System. International Journal of Science Annals, 3(1), 46тАУ53. doi:10.26697/ijsa.2020.1.6 The electronic version of this article is complete and can be found online at: http://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/arhiv This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 53