International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. Psychology ORIGINAL RESEARCH Developing the Instructions for the Controlled Association Experiment by Means of Semantic Features for the Stimulus тАЬFlirting PersonтАЭ AuthorsтАЩ Contribution: A тАУ Study design; Gordienko-Mytrofanova I. V.1 ACD , B тАУ Data collection; Hohol D. M.1 BCE , Nesterenko M. A.1 EFG C тАУ Statistical analysis; D тАУ Data interpretation; 1 H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Ukraine E тАУ Manuscript preparation; F тАУ Literature search; Received: 13.05.2021; Accepted: 17.06.2021; Published: 30.06.2021 G тАУ Funds collection Abstract Background and This article continues a series of studies devoted to ludic competence/playfulness Aim of Study: and one of its components is flirting. The aim of the study: in the context of parametric concept of meaning, to identify on the basis of applied psycholinguistic research the semantic components of the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ, which are actualized in the speech acts of Russian- speaking inhabitants of Ukraine. Material and Methods: The main method of the research is a psycholinguistic experiment whose major stage is the controlled association experiment with the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ. The sample comprised 215 young people (aged 21-35), of which 112 females and 103 males. Results: At the final stage of formulation of the instructions 23 semantic features were selected for the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ. The results of the controlled association experiment with the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ allowed to build 23 associative fields and obtain the material for describing the behaviour pattern of ludic position Diplomat (flirting person) reflecting the reality of linguistic consciousness of young Russian-speaking inhabitants of Ukraine. Conclusions: Cluster analysis of the associative field of the semantic feature тАЬWhat is the personтАЩs marital status?тАЭ allowed to define: three core clusters тАУ тАЬFreeтАЭ (71.16%), тАЬIn a relationshipтАЭ (14.42%), тАЬAnyтАЭ (3.72%); three peripheral clusters тАУ тАЬQualitiesтАЭ (3.26%), тАЬEmotional StateтАЭ (3.26)%, тАЬRole in family relationsтАЭ (1.40%); extreme peripheral clusters тАУ тАЬChangeableтАЭ (0.93%); an isolated female reaction тАЬGuyтАЭ suggests an ambiguous interpretation and allows to highlight different meanings тАУ тАЬGenderтАЭ and тАЬAgeтАЭ. Keywords: ludic competence, playfulness, ludic position, flirting person, psycholinguistic experiment, controlled association experiment, youth Copyright: ┬й 2021 Gordienko-Mytrofanova I. V., Hohol D. M., Nesterenko M. A. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI and UDC DOI https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2021.1.4 UDC 159.922:159.955 Conflict of interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: This research did not receive any outside funding or support Information about Gordienko-Mytrofanova Iya Vladimirovna тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332- the authors: 0663; Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, Department of Psychology, H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Hohol Denis Mykhailovich (Corresponding Author) тАУ https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-4594-0720; ReinRoz1803@gmail.com; Master of Arts in Psychology, H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Nesterenko Margarita Alekseevna тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8772-134X; Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine. 22 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Introduction This article continues a series of studies devoted to ludic during coaching sessions in ludic competence, which are competence/playfulness and one of its components is part of the curriculum of psychology students in flirting (Gordienko-Mytrofanova et al., 2021a). H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical We define ludic competence as a system of inner University. Ludic position is a way how individual resources to which a person turns (in the context of creative adaptation to the reality of their own тАЬSelfтАЭ and conflict/difficult interpersonal interaction) in order to to the reality of the тАЬOtherтАЭ. Ludic position reflects the balance their personality against external conditions of experience of displaying playfulness/ludic competence the social environment on the basis of positive emotions, in various standard and non-standard situations, i.e. a interest and joy, which are frequently expressed behavioral aspect. Thus, acquiring the ludic positions affectively and accompanied by tension and excitement. implies acquiring behavior patterns. By inner resources we understand playfulness, an Within our research we are especially interested in the integral stable personality trait. studies where a close relationship of flirting and Playfulness as a stable personality trait has been studied playfulness is shown. by the scientists since 1975 (Barnett, 1990; Playfulness is a subject of active research as a highly Bowman, 1987; Bundy, 1996; Chapman, 1978; desirable trait in potential long-term mates (Chick et Csikszentmihalyi, 1975; Groos, 1976; Guitard et al., 2012; Fredrickson, 2003; Gordienko-Mytrofanova al., 2005; Proyer, 2012; 2017; Proyer & Jehle, 2013; & Kobzieva, 2018; Kobzieva et al., 2019; J. Lauer & Qian & Yarnal, 2011; Schaefer & Greenberg, 1997; Lauer, 2002; Proyer & Wagner, 2015; Weber & Shen, 2010; Yue et al., 2016) covering personтАЩs system Ruch, 2012) starting with the studies of Woll (1989), of personality resources, adaptational potential, etc. and where playfulness is associated with different styles of first of all it is associated in general with mental well- sexual behavior, certain types of affection and love: being; coping strategies; social intelligence and in - playfulness as a spontaneous, idiosyncratic тАЬprivate particular with тАЬvirtual type of communicative gameтАЭ plays a definite part in establishing positive competenceтАЭ (Kobzieva, 2020, p. 38). relationships and settling conflicts and, more broadly, We determine playfulness as an integral stable tends to stabilize family relationship (Betcher, 1981); personality trait, which shows as the individual creative - playfulness as an important trait of potential partners adaptation to the reality of their own тАЬSelfтАЭ (individual for romantic relationship (J. Lauer & Lauer, 2002; identity) and to the reality of the тАЬOtherтАЭ (social Fredrickson, 2003; Weber & Ruch, 2012); identity): every conflict/difficult situation can be faced - playfulness is an evolutionarily significant as a challenge rather than a threat. This definition of characteristic when choosing a sexual partner as playfulness is close to the concept of Guitard et тАЬa highly desirable trait in long-term sexual matesтАЭ al. (2005, p. 19). From this point on the тАЬOtherтАЭ is (Chick et al., 2012; Proyer & Wagner, 2015). understood as a subject/subjects of conflict/difficult Certainly, we also considered the studies where flirting interpersonal interaction. was the subject of research without any connection with The research of playfulness is carried out by means of playfulness. As a psychological phenomenon flirting psycholinguistic instruments. and its certain aspects are covered in the works of The principal stage of the psycholinguistic experiment Bern (2017) as a kind of light game, which implies included a longitudinal free association test with the presence of a double secret interaction of ego states and stimulus тАЬplayfulnessтАЭ on the sample of 4,795 in the works of Gangestad (cited by Rodgers, 1999), as respondents that allowed to verify the components of a negotiation process that takes place after an initial playfulness and corresponding ludic positions: contribution. Hall (2013) identified 5 styles of flirting; тАЬsensitivityтАЭ (sensitive) тАУ тАЬEmpathтАЭ; тАЬhumourтАЭ (funny) Henningsen et al. (2008) determined 6 motives of тАУ тАЬReal humouristтАЭ; тАЬeaseтАЭ (easy) тАУ тАЬbalance-masterтАЭ; flirting; Watzlawick (1983) defined 30 steps of flirting тАЬimaginationтАЭ (imaginative) тАУ тАЬSculptorтАЭ; тАЬflirtingтАЭ тАЬfrom the first eye contact to sexтАЭ; Givens (1978, (flirtatious) тАУ тАЬDiplomatтАЭ; тАЬimpishnessтАЭ (impish) тАУ p. 346тАУ359) and Whitty (2003, p. 343тАУ344) described тАЬFrolicsome fellowтАЭ; тАЬfugueтАЭ (fugue) тАУ тАЬHoly foolтАЭ non-verbal cues for flirting. (Gordienko-Mytrofanova & Kobzieva, 2018; Kobzieva Based on theoretical and empirical studies of the et al., 2019). scientists mentioned above, the results of The components of playfulness/ ludic competence are psycholinguistic studies, flirting as an individual scale defined as тАЬself-motivated abilitiesтАЭ (Raven, 2001), of ludic competence/playfulness was singled out in the which allow people to achieve personally significant structure of ludic competence questionnaire (LCQ) goals. In terms of our concept such goal is efficient developed in terms of psycholinguistics by domestic management of conflicts/problems in the context of psychologists Kobzieva et al. (2019). interpersonal interaction (Gordienko-Mytrofanova et In the frame of our ludic competence coaching sessions al., 2021a). we consider flirting as the ability to take attention and As it is shown above, each of seven тАЬself-motivated get on the right side of somebody of the same or the abilitiesтАЭ has a corresponding ludic position. The names opposite gender through verbal and non-verbal of ludic positions are justified both theoretically and communication in order to establish and maintain empirically (Gordienko-Mytrofanova & mutually beneficial relationships based on the feeling of Kobzieva, 2018; Kobzieva et al., 2019) and were tested emotional bond; тАЬto promoteтАЭ Other in the desired 23 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa direction (Kobzieva et al., 2019). marriage), 13% тАУ are in a registered civil marriage, 27% In our ludic competence coaching sessions describing тАУ are not in a relationship. the behaviour pattern of a ludic position rest upon its CAE allows to focus on the peripheral components and psychological and psycholinguistic structure. evaluativity of the stimulus word in question, while the Identifying the specific psycholinguistic structure free experiment foregrounds the brightest components implies carrying out psycholinguistic experiments. The of meaning. When formulating the instructions for the results of the psycholinguistic experiment allow to CAE in terms of the parametric concept of consider: gender-specific differences in the perception Sternin (2011), we firstly identified the main semantic of the stimulus flirting, emotional and evaluative features of the sense class of lexis to which our stimulus attitude to it, relevant meanings of flirting for the тАЬflirting personтАЭ belongs. linguistic consciousness of the Russian-speaking The parametric concept of meaning assumes that the population of Ukraine, etc. The psycholinguistic study meaning is built from certain semantic features and of concept flirting conducted by Gordienko- different semantic types of lexis should have different Mytrofanova et al., (2021a) made it possible to broaden set of these features. Defining the semantic features for both its meaning due to the semantic components a psycholinguistic experiment with certain semantic actualized in speech acts and partly the behaviour classes of lexis requires special research. Therefore, we pattern of the corresponding ludic position тАУ Diplomat used the semantics of the names of persons with (Kobzieva et al., 2019). semantic features described in the work of Sternin We тАЬdescribeтАЭ this behaviour pattern of the ludic тАЬPsycholinguistic meaning of a word and its position Diplomat in the context of parametric concept descriptionтАЭ (Sternin, 2011, p. 132тАУ139), for example: of the meaning for the first time. the bearer of the feature, appearance, age, experience, Inventory of semantic features of lexemes of the etc. language is a relevant psycholinguistic problem. The principal semantic parameters relevant to The aim of the study. In the context of parametric communication were obtained in the course of concept of meaning, to identify on the basis of applied describing the meanings of Russian nouns in SterninтАЩs psycholinguistic research the semantic components of work тАЬThe lexical meaning of word in speechтАЭ the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ, which are actualized in (Sternin, 1985). the speech acts of Russian-speaking inhabitants of For the sake of convenience, all semantic features are Ukraine. given within the framework of the corresponding In accordance with the purpose the following research semantic aspects (for example, biological aspect, tasks were determined: temporal aspect, social and cultural aspect, etc.). As for - to develop instructions for a controlled association emic specifiers, they are given along with the experiment (CAE) based on the semantic features corresponding semantic features if this feature is closed. relevant to the semantics of тАЬflirting personтАЭ; If the feature is open, semantic specifiers are not given, - to present the main strategies and methods of since in this case their number is unlimited (Sternin, distributing the obtained associates for the semantic 2011, p. 135). For example, such a semantic aspect as features into the semantic clusters. biological (aspect) includes four semantic features: 1) demand for food: high, low; 2) biological state; Materials and Methods 3) attitude to the opposite gender; 4) health: healthy, The method of the conducted research was a unhealthy. In the biological aspect we have selected the psycholinguistic experiment, whose main stage was the second and third semantic features. We give in brackets CAE with the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ. Additional a number of a semantic feature according to SterninтАЩs methods included a survey (to clarify the results of the classification (Sternin, 2011, p. 135) and a semantic CAE), questionnaires (to clarify the characteristics of feature we that have added is given with number and the sample). Frequency and cluster analysis were used asterisk. The question itself is highlighted in capital as mathematical and statistical methods for analyzing letters, as it is given in the instructions; the number of the research results, which made it possible to identify the question corresponds to the number in the trends in distribution of associations in the experimental instruction, which is be given below. group. Biological aspect: The CAE with the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ was carried 2. What is the personтАЩs gender? (biological gender: out in writing. According to the instructions, the male, female). respondents should indicate gender, age, 13. What is the personтАЩs attitude to the opposite gender? education/specialty, marital status and write the first (attitude to the opposite gender). word that comes into mind when answering each 14. What is the personтАЩs attitude to the same gender? question (semantic feature). (attitude to the same gender). The total number of respondents who took part in the Thus, depending on the semantics of a particular word, experiment was 215 young people (age 21-35), 112 suitable semantic features are selected for posing a females and 103 males. тАЬBy educationтАЭ: 44% тАУ were question and formulating the instructions. undergraduates, 35% тАУ had a university degree, 9% тАУ At the initial stage the formulation procedure for the completed secondary school; тАЬby marital statusтАЭ: 60% тАУ instructions for the CAE with the stimulus тАЬflirting were in a marriage-like relationship (unregistered personтАЭ also implied systematization and generalization 24 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa of the outcomes of theoretical and empirical 1. тАЬFreeтАЭ: free (50), single (28), not married (23), psychological studies devoted to the phenomenon of bachelor (17), not in a relationship (11), single* (10), тАЬflirtingтАЭ; systematization and generalization of the actively in quest (3), none (3), widower (2), not married* results of psycholinguistic research devoted to the (2), nobody (2), empty (2); total 153 (71.16%), of which concept of тАЬflirtingтАЭ. female 73 (33.95%), male 80 (37.21%). 2. тАЬIn a relationshipтАЭ: total 31 (14.42%), of which Results female 21 (9.77%), male 10 (4.65%). We have formulated 28 questions (semantic features). This cluster consists of two sub-clusters: The 28-question instructions passed approbation on a 2.1 тАЬRegistered relationship (marriage)тАЭ: married (10), sample of 115 respondents (age 21-35). Based on the married* (8); total 18 (8.37%), of which female 14 results of the analysis of the obtained associative fields, (6.51%), male 4 (1.86%). at the intermediary stage 26 questions were left. At the 2.2 тАЬUnregistered relationshipтАЭ: in a relationship (10), final stage of the study, 23 semantic features were goes out with somebody (1), busy (1); at the initial stage selected; they were recognized as relevant for the of romantic relationships (1); total 13 (6.05%), of which stimulus flirting person and allowed to obtain the female 7 (3.26%), male 6 (2.79%). material reflecting the reality of linguistic consciousness 3. тАЬAnyтАЭ: any (4), it doesnтАЩt matter (4); total 8 (3.72%), of native speakers in order to describe the behaviour of which female 5 (2.32%), male 3 (1.40%). pattern of the ludic position Diplomat (flirting person). 4. тАЬQualitiesтАЭ: kind (1), caring* (1), reliable* (1), In the Table A only those questions-semantic features responsible* (1), open (1), positive (1), family man (1); (first column), which reflect best the content of the total 7 (3.26%), of which female 4 (1.86%), male 3 behaviour pattern of the ludic position Diplomat, are (1.40%). given. The semantic feature numbering in the table 5. тАЬEmotional stateтАЭ: happy (3), in love (2), beloved* corresponds to their numbering in our questionnaire. (1), amorous (1); total 7 (3.26%), of which female 2 Semantic features did not include in Table A: (0.93%), male 5 (2.33%). 5. What is the state of the personтАЩs finances? 6. тАЬRole in family relationsтАЭ: chief (1), equal (1), 6. What social class does the person belong to? average (1); total 3 (1.40%), of which female 2 (0.93%), 9. What is the personтАЩs moral stature? male 1 (0.47%). 14. What is the personтАЩs attitude to the same gender? 7. тАЬChangeableтАЭ: changeable (1), free (not exactly) (1); 19. What is the personтАЩs behavior? total 2 (0.93%), of which female 1 (0.47%), male 1 21. What is the personтАЩs motive? (0.47%). 23. What is your overall assessment of the person? 8. тАЬGenderтАЭ, тАЬAgeтАЭ: guy 1 (0.47%), female (0.47%). In the course of building an associative field for each Uninterpreted reactions are as follows: semantic feature, the frequencies of reactions are 1) reactions whose connection with the stimulus calculated, and the frequencies of all reactions indicated тАЬflirting personтАЭ is individual and incomprehensible to by the corresponding number are presented in the researchers: I donтАЩt understand (1), norm (1); total 2 descending order. If the frequencies are equal, the (0.93%), female (0,93%); responses go in alphabetical order. The number of 2) echo reaction: flirting person 1 (0.47%), female respondents who declined to answer is indicated at the (0.47%). end of a built associative field. The reactions (words To make it more obvious, the clusters described above with an asterisk) in the presented associative fields are shown in Figure 1. As can be seen from the diagram, (second column) in the original research correspond to most respondents (71.16%) believe that flirting person the feminine Russian words. is free (тАЬFreeтАЭ), 14.42% suppose that he can be in a The outcome of the study assumes distribution of 215 relationship (тАЬIn a relationshipтАЭ), 3.72% of the reactions across semantic clusters for each of the 23 respondents consider that marital status does not matter semantic features. In one of our studies, the semantic (тАЬAnyтАЭ), 0.93% admit that marital status can change feature тАЬWhat is the personтАЩs motive?тАЭ (Gordienko- (тАЬChangeableтАЭ). Peripheral clusters (less than 10.0%, Mitrofanova et al., 2021b) was considered. In this work but more than 1.0%) such as тАЬQualitiesтАЭ (3.26%), we consider another one of 23 semantic features of the тАЬEmotional stateтАЭ (3.26%) in terms of scientific word combination тАЬflirting personтАЭ тАУ тАЬWhat is the philological analysis turn out to be тАЬfalseтАЭ in quotation personтАЩs marital status?тАЭ The association reactions marks, since nothing is false in the psycholinguistic obtained for this semantic parameter on the sample of meaning as well as in the clusters of semantic features. 215 respondents (112 women and 103 men) are as There, all semantic components make the psychological follows: 40 unique reactions, including 4-word reality (Sternin, 2011, p. 148). The peripheral cluster combinations, 19 reactions with a frequency greater than тАЬRole in family relationsтАЭ (1.40%) is contamination: it one, 21 isolated reactions, 0 declined to answer the is confused with role in the family. And, finally, the question. isolated female reaction тАЬguyтАЭ suggests an ambiguous 215 reactions were grouped into the following clusters interpretation and allows to highlight different meanings (semantic groups): тАУ тАЬGenderтАЭ and тАЬAgeтАЭ. 25 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Figure 1 Results of Cluster Analysis of the Semantic Feature тАЬWhat is the PersonтАЩs Marital Status?тАЭ Figure 2 also reflects gender differences in perception of represented mostly by female reactions (female 10%, the question (semantic feature) тАЬWhat is the personтАЩs male 5%), i. e. women admit that flirting person, marital status?тАЭ. Here the nuclear cluster (more than regardless of gender, can be in a registered or 10%), which we called for our purpose тАЬIn a unregistered relationship. relationshipтАЭ, draws attention. This cluster is Figure 2 Results of Comparative Analysis of Associations of Male and Female Samples of the Semantic Feature тАЬWhat is the PersonтАЩs Marital Status?тАЭ Figure 3 shows the results of cluster analysis of the population of Ukraine (based on the results of the semantic feature тАЬWhat is the personтАЩs motive?тАЭ controlled association experiment) (Gordienko- described in detail in the study тАЬFlirting personтАЭ in the Mitrofanova et al., 2021b). linguistic consciousness of the Russian-speaking Figure 3 Results of Cluster Analysis of the Semantic Feature тАЬWhat is the PersonтАЩs Motive?тАЭ 26 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Figure 4 demonstrates gender differences in perception depends on gender identification based on the results of of the question (semantic feature) тАЬWhat is the personтАЩs the analysis of female and male associative fields. Males motive?тАЭ. are driven by the sexual or indefinite motives, whereas The semantic content of this semantic parameter females have social and entertaining ones. Figure 4 Results of Comparative Analysis of Associations of Male and Female Samples of the Semantic Feature тАЬWhat is the personтАЩs motive?тАЭ Discussion behavioral aspect using semantic features and semantic We are not aware of any studies in the Ukrainian, Russian specifiers, for example, in the instructions these are and English languages covering the controlled semantic features 6-22. association experiments with the stimulus тАЬflirting Secondly, the results of clustering, for example, the personтАЭ. This is the basis for the fact that when describing semantic feature тАЬWhat is the personтАЩs motive?тАЭ, the psycholinguistic structure of the behavior pattern of strongly indicate that the method we have chosen is the ludic position Diplomat, we can only rely on free most adequate for achieving our target. For example, all association experiments with the stimulus тАЬflirtingтАЭ six motives of flirting described by Henningsen and his conducted by the domestic scientists (Gordienko- colleagues in the context of theory of cognitive valence Mytrofanova et al., 2021a; Kobzieva et al., 2020) and theory (sexual, relational, exploring, esteem, Russian scientists (Karaulov et al., 2002), who carried instrumental, and fun) (Henningsen et al., 2008) find out their studies in the 90s of the twentieth century. At their confirmation not only in the linguistic the same time, the latter (the studies of Russian scientists) consciousness of Russian-speaking residents of Ukraine, can only be used in comparative analysis of the semantic but also expand the range of motives, as Figure 3 shows, components of the word тАЬflirtтАЭ that are relevant in speech through the extreme peripheral clusters тАУ тАЬindefinite in different time periods. motiveтАЭ and тАЬmotive of intrinsic motivationтАЭ. At this stage of the study, according to the results of the The results of clustering the semantic feature тАЬWhat is analysis of the built associative fields for each semantic the personтАЩs marital status?тАЭ presented in this study, feature of the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ, firstly, we can indirectly reflect both the empirical data of Henningsen claim that the method we chose for formulating the and his colleagues and the five styles of flirting identified instructions for the CAE based on the semantic features by Hall (physical, traditional, sincere, polite, and of the word semantics, which had been developed by playful), which were confirmed by the exploratory and Sternin (1985) in terms of the parametric concept of confirmatory factor analyses on the big sample of adults meaning, is the most adequate for describing behaviour (N = 5020) (Hall et al., 2010; Hall, 2013). The clustering patterns of the ludic positions. This is confirmed by the data of the given semantic feature are also reflected in the results of the free association experiment (FAE) with the results of the FAE with the stimulus тАЬflirtingтАЭ, for stimulus тАЬHoly FoolтАЭ (Gordiienko-Mytrofanova & example, in such clusters as тАЬforms and types of Kobzieva, 2018). The results obtained are quite useful for interactionтАЭ (25.25%) and тАЬgenderтАЭ (10.5%) (Gordienko- describing the psychological and psycholinguistic Mytrofanova et al., 2021a). structure of a behaviour pattern, but they do not allow to On the one hand, the presented semantic features and obtain distinctive features of the object under study. By semic specifiers certainly reflect not all semantic comparison, CAE directly allows to actualize the components but only those which are most often 27 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa actualized in the acts of speech. And formulation of these in occupational therapy for children (pp. 52тАУ components has a relative nature since all the 66). Mosby. components of meaning have more than a single Chapman, J. A. (1978). Playfulness and the development description in the metalanguage, and metalanguage of divergent thinking abilities. Child: Care, variants of description of the same component can take Health and Development, 4(6), 371тАУ383. place (Sternin, 2011, p. 139). On the other hand, through https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- formulating the instructions for CAE by means of 2214.1978.tb00096.x semantic features with the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ we Chick, G., Yarnal, C., & Purrington, A. (2012). Play and can obtain a large number of associations reflecting mate preference: Testing the signal theory of various differential features of the object under study. adult playfulness. American Journal of Play, 4(4), 407тАУ440. Conclusions Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Play and intrinsic rewards. This study belongs to a number of scientific works Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15(3), 41тАУ devoted to the analysis and description of the concepts of 63. culture and national linguistic pictures of the world. We http://doi.org/10.1177/002216787501500306 see the prospect of further research in clustering semantic Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). The value of positive features defined for the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ. This emotions. American Scientist, 91(4), 330тАУ335. will make it possible to describe the psychological and https://doi.org/10.1511/2003.4.330 psycholinguistic structure of the ludic position Diplomat Givens, D. B. (1978). The nonverbal basis of attraction: corresponding to such a тАЬself-motivated abilityтАЭ of Flirtation, courtship, and seduction. playfulness/ludic competence as flirting as a unit of Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 41(4), psychological reality of linguistic consciousness of 346тАУ359. young Russian-speaking inhabitants of Ukraine by means https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1978.110239 of attraction of a large number of peripheral semantic 94 meanings, as well as semantic components of a linguistic Gordienko-Mytrofanova, I., & Kobzieva, Iu. (2018). and cultural nature, which cannot be detected by Concept тАЬHoly FoolтАЭ in the linguistic world- traditional methods of semantic analysis. image of the Russian-speaking population of Ukraine. Psycholinguistics, 24(1), 10тАУ24. Ethical Approval https://doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2018-24- The authors ensure that the study has been carried out in 1-118-133 accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Gordienko-Mytrofanova, I., Kobzieva, I., & Hohol, D. Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for (2021a). Investigating the concept of тАЬFlirtingтАЭ experiments involving humans; approved by the local as reflected in the Russian-speaking UkrainiansтАЩ institutional review board (protocol No. 12 of the linguistic consciousness. Psycholinguistics, Department of Psychology of H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv 29(1), 8тАУ29. https://doi.org/10.31470/2309- National Pedagogical University, 22.03.2021). Written 1797-2021-29-1-8-29 informed consent was obtained from all participants. Gordienko-Mitrofanova, I. V., Sauta, S. L., Bezkorovainy, S. P., Konok, M. O., & Funding Source Hohol, D. M. (2021b). тАЬLiudyna, yaka flirtuieтАЭ This research did not receive any outside funding or v movnii svidomosti rosiiskomovnoho support. naselennia Ukrainy (za rezultatamy spriamovanoho asotsiatyvnoho eksperymentu) References [тАЬFlirting personтАЭ in the linguistic Barnett, L. A. (1990). Playfulness: definition, design, consciousness of the Russian-speaking and measurement. Play and Culture, 3, 319тАУ336 population of Ukraine (based on the results of Betcher, R. W. (1981). Intimate play and marital the controlled associative experiment)] adaptation. Psychiatry, 44(1), 13тАУ33. [Manuscript submitted for publication]. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1981.110240 International Journal of Education and Science, 88 4(2). [in Ukrainian] Bern, E. (2017). Igryi, v kotoryie igrayut lyudi: Groos, K. (1976). The play of man: Teasing and love- Psihologiya chelovecheskih vzaimootnosheniy. play. In J. Brunner, A. Jolly, & K. 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The basic components 640. of adult playfulness and their relation with https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116662842 personality: The hierarchical factor structure of seventeen instruments. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(7), 811тАУ816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.010 29 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Table A Semantic Features for the Stimulus тАЬFlirting PersonтАЭ and Corresponding Associative Fields Questions (semantic Associative fields (frequencies of reactions) features) 1. Who is the Girl (33), person (30), man (26), he (18), guy (17), woman (14), she (13), friend (3), Kirill (3), Casanova (2), person as a coquetry (2), flirtatious person (2), interested person (2), playful (2), Alina Derkach (1), Anton (1), carrier of the anyone (1), attractive (1), carefree (1), Dima (1), dude (1), everybody (1), explorer (1), female hobgoblin (1), feature? fox (1), fellow student (1), female (1), flirting addict (1), flirt-bearer (1), groupmate* (1), girl with low moral standards (1), girlfriend (1), handsome man (1), hare (1), husband (1), I donтАЩt know (1), in love (1), intellectual (1), interesting* (1), interlocutor (1), lion (1), me (1), makes a good impression (1), mademoiselle (1), player (1); party girl (1), pickup artist (1), raccoon (1), she mispronounces тАЬrтАЭ or she does it properly (1), seducer (1), swear word (1), tom-cat (1), tempter (1); timid person (1), turtle (1), vamp (1), Vasya (1), wave (1), walking (1), who (1), words (1). 2. What is the Female (104), male (92), doesnтАЩt matter (5), wooden (5), any (2), he (2), laminate (2), girl (1), red (1), personтАЩs transgender (1). gender? 3. What is the Twenty (33), twenty five (28), twenty three (13), middle (13), young (13), twenty one (8), twenty four (8), personтАЩs age? eighteen (7), any (6), from twenty to thirty (5), nineteen (4), twenty two (4), doesnтАЩt matter (3), from twenty to twenty five (3), sixteen (3), thirty (3), young (3), from eighteen to twenty two (2), from eighteen to thirty (2), from nineteen to twenty five (2), from seventeen to twenty five (2), of age (2), sufficient (2), twenty eight (2), twenty six (2), adult (1), agemate (1), big (1), BalzacтАЩs (1), close (1), doesnтАЩt matter* (1), from eighteen to twenty (1), from eighteen to twenty one (1), from eighteen to twenty three (1), from eighteen to thirty one (1), from twenty to twenty two (1), from twenty to forty five (1), from twenty to thirty five (1), from twenty one to thirty (1), from twenty five to twenty eight (1), from twenty five to thirty (1), from twenty four to twenty eight (1), from twenty six to thirty one (1), from nineteen to twenty six (1), female (1), from sixteen to twenty six (1), from fifteen to one hundred (1), from fifteen to sixty (1), twenty and up (1), from seventeen to twenty eight (1), forty (1), forty five (1), he (1), junior (1), mature (1), normal (1), older (1), summer (1), small (1), seventeen (1), twenty seven or twenty eight (1), twenty and older in the spring of life (1), thirty two (1), thirty years old (1), thirty five (1), young (1), young - about 20 human years old (1). 4. What is the Free (50), single (28), not married (23), bachelor (17), not in a relationship (11), in a relationship (10), personтАЩs married (10), single* (10), married* (8), doesnтАЩt matter (4), of any status (4), actively in quest (3), happy (3), marital none (3), empty (2), in love (2), not married* (2), nobody (2), widower (2), amorous (1), average (1), a status? family man (1), at the initial stage of a romantic relationship (1), beloved* (1), busy (1), caring* (1), changeable (1), chief (1), equal (1), free (not sure) (1), goes out with somebody (1), guy (1), I don't understand (1), kind (1), normal (1), open (1), person who flirts (1), positive (1), responsible* (1), reliable* (1). 7. How Smart (56), high (28), average (27), educated (13), developed (11), above average (8), intellectually intelligent is savvy (7), erudite (5), any (3), dumb (3), pretty clever (3), quick-witted (3), witty (3), well-read (3), below the person? average (2), clever (2), genius (2), highly intelligent (2), intelligent* (2), narrow-minded (2), not stupid (2), stupid (2), adequate (1), adult (1), animated* (1), boring (1); cunning person (1), doesnтАЩt matter (1), free (1), gifted (1), I think there may be variation (1), independent (1), like me but smarter (1), mediocre (1), not very smart (1), normal (1), on a level (1), peculiar (1), personality (1), quick-witted* (1), rational (1), rocky (1); smart enough* (1), sensible (1), to some extent (1), versatile (1), weak (1), wise* (1). 8. How Cultured (48), well-conducted (28), educated (26), high (20), middle (13), high level of culture (7), cultured is the developed (3), polite (3), high culture (3), adequate (2), any (2), common (2), highly cultured (2), person? intelligent (2), low (2), narrow-minded (2), normal (2), pleasant (2), smart (2), vulgar (2), aristocrat* (1), beautiful (1), creative* (1), confident (1), considerate (1), clinging (1), courteous (1), dependent person (1), diplomatic (1), excellent (1), enlightened (1), erudite (1), good (1), grey* (1), I don't know how to answer (1), in love (1), intellectual (1), illuminated (1), interested* (1), lowbrow (1), literate (1), liberated (1), lacking culture (1), miscellaneous (1), nontypical (1), necessarily cultured (1), not lowbrow (1), peculiar (1), person who flirts (1), posh (1), small (1), spiritual* (1), secretive (1), Slav (1), swear word (1), tolerant (1), uncultured (1), uncivilized* (1), understanding* (1), various (1), well-conducted and educated (1), well- read (1). 10. What are Emotional (30), cheerful (18), quick-tempered (14), restrained (14), stable (8), kind (7), open (6), calm (6), the personтАЩs sincere (6), with an average level of emotions* (6), expressive (5), balanced (4), explosive* (4), emotions? impulsive (4), bright (3), liberated (3), unemotional (3), extrovert (2), energetic* (2), high (2), moderate* (2), persistent (2), passionate* (2), quiet* (2), romantic (2), self-confident (2), secretive (2), adaptive* (1), animate (1), animate* (1), any* (1), abrupt* (1), big (1), benevolent* (1), benevolent* (1), best (1), cool (1), controlled (1), crafty (1), confident (1), charismatic (1), cunning* (1), developed (1), enthusiastic (1), exuberant (1), empathic (1), frivolous (1), gentle (1), hard (1), high (1), high-quality (1), irritable (1), I don't know (1), intriguer (1), joyful (1), mature (1), multifaceted (1), not emotional (1), nothing occurs to me (1), optimist (1), open* (1), patient (1), persistent* (1), passionate (1), receptive (1), real (1), restless (1), strong- 30 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa willed (1), sentimental (1), strong (1), sensual (1), sensitive (1), temperamental (1), unusual (1), unrestrained* (1), unrestrained (1), unbalanced (1), various (1), vulnerable (1), withdrawn* (1), wise (1). 11. What is Attractive (55), beautiful* (40), pretty (20), enticing (11), pleasant* (10), sexy* (7), comely (5), cute* (3), the personтАЩs charming (3), average* (2), brunette (2), bright* (2), interesting* (2), ordinary* (2), provocative* (2), appearance? unusual* (2), awesome* (1), any* (1), awkward (1), blonde* (1), bearded (1), brutal (1), beautiful (for me)* (1), cool* (1), childish face (1), crazy* (1), confident (1), charismatic* (1), common* (1), doesnтАЩt matter (1), deceitful* (1), extravagant* (1), European-looking girl (1), fashionable* (1), Italian* (1), juicy* (1), masculine type* (1), manly (1), manly* (1), on the make (1), mind-blowing* (1), normal (1), normal* (1), neat (1), outward* (1), pink* (1), quiet* (1), repulsive* (1), redhead* (1), skinny stature, low stature* (1), snobbish (1), splendid* (1), stunning* (1), standard* (1), strict (1), sexy (1), such (1), sophisticated* (1), swear word (1), swear word* (1), ugly* (1), which fits my human factors, life position, character* (1), well-groomed (1). 12. What is High (40), self-confident (29), adequate self-esteem (20), average (13), heightened self-esteem (11), normal the personтАЩs self-esteem (11), self-confident (9), narcissistic (8), adequate (6), low (4), moderate (3), self-critical (3), self- self-esteem? respecting (3), unconfident (3), above average (2), honest (2), sufficient (2), perplexed (2), underappreciated (2), aggressive (1), arrogant (1), appreciated (1), balanced (1), bottom (1), confident enough (1), considerable self-esteem (1), critical (1), common (1), confident user (1), deflated (1), developed (1), different (1), hill (1), heightened (1), healthy (1), hesitation (1), inadequate (1), knows place (1), measured (1), meh (1), narcissist (1), not vain (1), not very critical (1), none (1), open (1), objective (1), puzzled (1), poor self-esteem (1), restrained (1), realistic (1), sometimes overstated self- esteem (1), self-accepting (1), sensible (1), self-sufficient (1), self-critical (1), stunning, stable (1), self- respecting (1), stable (1), unconfident (1), without feeling of his/ her own importance (1), weaselly (1). 13. What is Interested (19), attentive (17), respectful (10), friendly (9), normal (8), playful (7), open (6), interesting (4), the personтАЩs polite (4), reserved (4), tolerant (3), active (2), arrogant* (2), attractive (2), caring (2), courteous (2), attitude to the cautious (2), calm (2), excellent (2), gentle (2), indifferent (2), interesting (2), kind (2), moderate (2), opposite neutral (2), neat (2), ordinary (2), positive (2), pleasant (2), sociable (2), sympathetic (2), self-confident (2), gender? adequate (1), accepting (1), arrogant (1), affectionate (1), assertive (1), approving (1), agreeable (1), balanced (1), charismatic (1), cunning (1), cold (1), curious (1), charming (1), courteous (1), courteous* (1), considers men to be different people and tries to build mutually beneficial relationships (1), does not often tell all the information (1), dismissive (1), does not give reasons to be jealous (1), disrespectful (1), direct (1), different (1), extroverted (1), easy to get on with (1), exciting (1), evaluating (1), flirting (1), friendly (1), friendly* (1), flirty (1), fiery (1), fair (1), free (1), gentle (1), gallant (1), good (1), gay (1), honest (1), it does not matter because IтАЩm keen on my gender (1), interested (1), impressive (1), intimate (1), indulgent (1), knowing when to stop loving (1), loves (1), loyal (1), lickerous (1), manipulative (1), mysterious (1), not aggressive (1), not withdrawn (1), neutral (1), neutral* (1), none (1), observant (1), ordinary (1), practical (1), pleasant (1), passionate (1), persistent (1), responsive (1), resourceful (1), responsible (1), romantic (1), sweet (1), sociable (1), sharply negative (1), sexy (1), sexy* (1), seductive (1), supportive (1), tasty (1), tall (1), tries to please and entice away (1), uncompliant (1), unpredictable (1), unscrupulous (1), user (1), very partial to it (1), value (1), well-mannered (1), тАЬ?тАЭ(1). 15. Where Everywhere (46), in communication (15), not in public places (13), at home (13), in the street (10), in a does the bar (9), at work (8), in the company (7), at a club (6), in public places (5), in life (4), intimately (4), in person flirt? underground (4), in social networks (4), in a caf├й (4), in private (4), at a party (3), in ripe situations (3), in a public place (3), on vacation (3), where there is an opportunity (3), when meeting (3), at any time (2), in establishments (2), in any situation (2), in the behavior (2), in relations (2), with the husband (2), where it is appropriate (2), at places to meet (1), at the right time (1), at university (1), at holidays (1), at a festival (1), environment (1), in interaction (1), in actions (1), it does not matter (1), in the jungle (1), in a comfortable (1), in personal communication (1), in St. Petersburg (1), in everyday life (1), indoors (1), in conversation (1), in a restaurant (1), in transport (1), in secluded places (1), on the internet (1), on occasion (1), surrounded by (1), where the person is comfortable (1), when dancing (1), where it is profitable (1), where there is a response (1), where the person considers it to be appropriate (1). 16. Whom With me (57), with girls (28), with everybody (16), with opposite gender (15), with a guy (13), with a does the man (7), with a sympathizer (7), with women (6), with a person (6), with someone who the person likes (5), person flirt with men (3), not with me (2), with a friend (2), with people (2), with him (2), with the other half (2), with with? the surrounding people (2), acquainted (1), doesnтАЩt show it (1), in all cases (1), in the street (1), I donтАЩt know (1), not yet (1), only with me (1), polygamous (1), when the person wants it (1), with classmates (1), with a prey (1), with female (1), with a feminine Italian (1), with a woman (1), with animals (1), with anybody the person wants (1), with coworkers (1), with lionesses (1), with a golden youth (1), with a husband (1), with male (1), with a boss (1), with her (1), with an ugly girl (1), with an object of adoration (1), with all girls (1), with acquaintances (1), with spectators (1), with many people (1), with a partner (1), with a potential partner (1), with attractive people (1), with a girlfriend (1), with a dog (1), with a interlocutor (1), with those who the person chooses (1), with those who he/ she like (1), with someone who is interesting (1), with successful people (1), with franklins (1), with a closet (1). 31 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa 17. How Polite (78), average (21), very polite (13), well-mannered (7), averagely polite (5), gallant (4), tactful (4), polite is the tall (4), courteous (3), cultured (3), moderate (3), normal (3), polite enough (3), cad (2), gentleman (2), person? important (2), lovely (2), ordinary (2), adequate courtesy (1), attentive (1), above average (1), a little rough at times (1), affectionate (1), according to the situation (1), a little coarse (1), average (1), balanced (1), between a canned meat opener and a spaniel puppy (1), courteous by the circumstances (1), comfortable (1), cultured (1), common (1), charming (1), candid but well-mannered (1), delicate (1), decent (1), dignified (1), enough (1), extraordinary (1), extremely polite (1), fair (1), gentle (1), good (1), immoral (1), inconsiderate (1), insolent (1), impolite (1), moderately polite (1), maximum polite (1), not always polite (1), not very (1), not so good (1), normal (1), polite enough (1), pleasant (1), respectful (1), reserved (1), rude (1), smarmy (1), situational (1), strange (1), supportive (1), tolerable (1), tolerant (1), thoughtful (1), uncivil (1), 8 out of 10 (1), 9 out of 10 (1), 7 out of 10 (1), 4 out of 10 (1), 4 out of 5 (1), 6 out of 10 (1). 18. What is Funny (47), cheerful (31), witty (15), humorist (13), very funny (7), active (3), moderate (3), ridiculous (3), the person in adequate (2), black (2), cheap (2), good joke (2), good sense of humor (2), likes joking (2), tall (2), showing playful (2), resourceful (2), sharp on the tongue (2), subtle sense of humor (2), sarcastic (2), 10 out of 10 (2), sense of absurd (1), artistic (1), affiliate (1), angry (1), at haphazard (1), almost a comedian (1), a strange sense of humor? humor (1), accepts jokes (1), clear (1), clown (1), candid (1), careful (1), charismatic (1), cruel (1), doesnтАЩt understand toilet humor (1), does not show (1), developed (1), delicate (1), erudite (1), easy-going (1), extraordinary (1), gallows humor (1), gloomy (1), great (1), good (1), good level of humor (1), honest (1), it would be good if my jokes truly amused her (1), itтАЩs delivered on time (1), intellectual (1), interesting (1), interesting* (1), in different ways (1), is sarcastic (1), Jim Carrie (1), masked (1), maximum (1), maximum openness (1), not decisive (1), not funny (1), no matter (1), neutral (1), nervous (1), none (1), Nurlan Saburov (1), non-funny (1), out of control (1), peculiar (1), positive (1), playful (1), sarcasm and sharpness of mind (1), sarcastic (1), satirical (1), sensible (1), severe (1), specific humor (1), stand-up subtle (1), smiling (1), sparkling (1), the soul of the company (1), too cheerful (1), teasing men or flirting (1), takes the initiative (1), veiled sharp (1), vulgar (1), with a sense of humor (1), weak (1). 20. What is Sexy (45), passionate (27), active (12), hot (7), relaxed (7), open (6), gentle (5), reserved (5), assertive (4), the person in attractive (4), candid (4), ordinary (4), very much (4), aggressive (3), sincere (3), with a fight (3), brutal (2), the coarse (2), confident (2), desirable (2), exciting (2), flexible (2), irritating (2), persistent (2), smutty (2), expression of absolute (1), asexual (1), attentive (1), amorous (1), average (1), awesome (1), beast (1), confused (1), sexuality? charming (1), courageous (1), charismatic (1), calm (1), conscious (1), dominant (1), delicious (1), diverse (1), doesnтАЩt show any feelings yet (1), does not show much (1), direct (1), everyone wants her (1), excellent (1), experienced (1), free experimenter (1), experimenter (1), has an appetite (1), impulsive (1), I donтАЩt know (1), intrusive (1), juicy peach (1), like that (1), masculine (1), none (1), normal (1), not sexy (1), out of control (1), outgoing (1), playful (1), patient (1), passive (1), quivering (1), quick-shot (1), real (1), restless (1), smooth (1), slutty (1), sexy kitten (1), seductive (1), sensual (1), sensual* (1), sensitive (1), selfish (1), without abuse (1), worthy (1), wild (1). 22. What is Aggressive (19), calm (19), IтАЩm trying to settle the conflict (14), reserved (10), non-conflict (8), quick- the person in tempered (7), avoids it (4), honest (4), insistent (4), keeps silent (4), non-aggressive (4), adequate (3), conflict? defends the point of view (3), fights (3), gets angry (3), hysterics (3), jokes (3), stubborn (3), talks (3), tries to escape from conflict (3), a compromise (2), abrupt (2), bold (2), compromise (2), cunning (2), direct (2), flexible (2), interested in resolving the conflict (2), passive (2), quarrels (2), reasonably proves point or agrees that she was wrong (2), realistic (2), sincere (2), sincere* (2), soft (2), sensible (2), solves peacefully (2), smart (2), sufferer (2), violent (2), active (1), attentive (1), avoids (1), avoiding (1), attracts attention (1), adjusts others (1), but does not press (1), argues (1), bullish (1), causes the right reaction (1), constructive (1), courteous (1), doesnтАЩt throw plates (1), drinks (1), decisive (1), demonstrative (1), diplomatic (1), gets into a fight (1), goes all the way (1), goes to reconciliation (1), gives way (1), interesting (1), loves to bring to the forest (1), lies (1), loud (1), listens to the opponent without interrupting (1), then expresses the point of view (1), listener (1), not tough (1), objective (1), polite (1), proves point (1), plays (1), puts himself/ herself above others (1), quite argumentative (1), rides out (1), retreats (1), rough edges (1), rational (1), scolds (1), smooths (1), scandalous (1), settles by diplomacy (1), sensitive (1), tries not to be in the spotlight (1), tries to resolve the conflict peacefully (1), tolerant (1), warring (1), worthy (1), wise (1), watches (1). Note. Words with an asterisk (groupmate*, interesting*, etc.) in the presented associative fields in the original research correspond to the feminine Russian words. Cite this article as: Gordienko-Mytrofanova, I. V., Hohol, D. M., & Nesterenko, M. A. (2021). Developing the instructions for the controlled association experiment by means of semantic features for the stimulus тАЬflirting personтАЭ. International Journal of Science Annals, 4(1), 22тАУ32. https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2021.1.4 The electronic version of this article is complete. It can be found online in the IJSA Archive https://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/arhiv and in the KRPOCH Publishing Repository https://ekrpoch.culturehealth.org/handle/lib/71 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 32