International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. Psychology ORIGINAL RESEARCH The Impact of Psychological Transformation Game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ on Value Orientations of Participants AuthorsтАЩ Contribution: Melnyk Yu. B.1,2 ABCDEFG , Stadnik A. V.1,2,3,4 ABCDEFG A тАУ Study design; 1 Kharkiv Regional Public Organization тАЬCulture of HealthтАЭ (KRPOCH), B тАУ Data collection; Ukraine C тАУ Statistical analysis; 2 Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Ukraine D тАУ Data interpretation; 3 Social-Psychological Center KRPOCH, Ukraine E тАУ Manuscript preparation; 4 Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine F тАУ Literature search; G тАУ Funds collection Received: 14.07.2021; Accepted: 25.09.2021; Published: 25.12.2021 Abstract Background and Psychological transformation games that have great potential for solving a wide Aim of Study: range of problems related to clientsтАЩ mental health are becoming increasingly popular among psychologists and psychotherapists. These techniques should be not only interesting and attractive to clients but also effective as a form of psychological practice. The aim of the study: to investigate the impact of the psychological transformation game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ on value orientations of participants using the diagnostic method of Schwartz. Material and Methods: The study used the toolkit of the psychological transformation game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ. The effectiveness of the game impact on the participants was determined by means of the diagnostics of value orientations suggested by Schwartz. The treatment group consisted of 134 people, 75 men (55.97%) and 59 women (44.03%) aged 17-35 years. The control group included 126 people, 69 men (54.76%) and 57 women (45.24%) aged 18-30 years. The results of the treatment and control groups were measured using the SPSS Statistics Module. The obtained results prove statistical significance (p<0.05). Results: The greatest impact of the developed game on the participants is observed at the level of normative ideals: tradition, conformity, security, hedonism and universalism. This indicates their certain change towards increasing harmony and stability, as well as reducing humility and acceptance of their destiny. At the level of individual priorities, there is an increase in hedonism, power and stimulation, which indicates an increase in the role of satisfaction, success, ambition, the desire for novelty and strong emotions. The obtained high results of universalism, hedonism, self-direction and conformity indicate an increase in understanding, tolerance, enjoyment of life, self- control, self-government, self-discipline and politeness of game participants. Conclusions: The use of the transformation game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ in psychological practice is an effective psychotherapeutic method that affects the value orientations of participants, changes in self-esteem and motivation, disclosure of their personal resources to solve problems and develop further. This technique is universal due to the age category of participants and the ability to solve psychological problems. Keywords: psychological transformation game, value orientations, motivation, diagnostics, toolkit, psychological problems Copyright: ┬й 2021 Melnyk Yu. B., Stadnik A. V. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI and UDC DOI https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2021.2.3 UDC 159.9.072:159.947.5 Conflict of interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: This research did not receive any outside funding or support Information about Melnyk Yuriy Borysovych (Corresponding Author) тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0002- the authors: 8527-4638; y.b.melnyk@gmail.com; Doctor of Philosophy in Pedagogy, Associate Professor; Chairman of the Board, Kharkiv Regional Public Organization тАЬCulture of HealthтАЭ (KRPOCH); Director, Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Ukraine. Stadnik Anatoliy Volodymyrovych тАУ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-4224; Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine, Associate Professor, Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs; Director, Social-Psychological Center KRPOCH, Ukraine. 21 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Introduction Socio-cultural and socio-economic changes taking place include 57 values. The participant evaluates each of the in society in recent years, firstly, are global, and proposed values on a scale from 7 to 1 points. The secondly, the speed of these changes is increasing, second part of the Schwartz questionnaire is designed to which affects the psychophysical state of the population. study the personality profile. It consists of 40 New pandemics are emerging. Thus, governments of a descriptions of a person, characterizing 10 types of vast majority of countries respond to the COVID-19 values. A scale of 4 to 1 points is used to evaluate the pandemic by introducing social distancing, which descriptions. affects the psycho-emotional state of population and The treatment group consisted of 134 people, 75 men contributes to deviant behaviour, neurotic disorders, etc. (55.97%) and 59 women (44.03%) aged 17-35 years. All this increases the demand for psychological care and The control group included 126 people, 69 men draws increasing attention of various segments of (54.76%) and 57 women (45.24%) aged 18-30 years. population to psycho-preventive and psycho-hygienic The methods of mathematical statistics were used тАТ measures (Melnyk et al., 2020). Pearson criterion (╧З2). The means of value orientations Among a wide range of psychological approaches, as of the treatment and control groups were measured using well as methods, we will consider one of the most the SPSS Statistics Module. The obtained results prove universal, in our opinion, the method of psychological statistical significance (p<0.05). game. Psychological game, in contrast to тАЬentertaining gameтАЭ or тАЬeducational gameтАЭ that focus mainly on Results recreation or learning (intellectual development), has an Let us consider the main provisions of the developed impact on all areas of a personтАЩs life: motivational, psychological transformation game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ or тАЬMy cognitive, affective, conative, value, and helps to WayтАЭ (hereinafter тАТ тАЬMy DaoтАЭ). improve the mental health of the individual in general The name of the game is a phrase that characterizes the (Melnyk, 2004). philosophical concept of the developed methodology. If Psychological transformation games have become the first word тАЬMyтАЭ does not require clarification, the increasingly popular among psychologists and second is a rather complex category. The Chinese psychotherapists in recent years, as they, directly and concept of тАЬDaoтАЭ (тАЬTaoтАЭ) is complex and ambiguous. indirectly, address a wide range of issues related to the This is one of the most important categories of Chinese mental health of their clients. In particular, they develop philosophy. Confucius and the early Confucians gave it cognitive activity, emotional intelligence, somatic moral significance, interpreting it as the тАЬpath of manтАЭ, awareness and archetypal integration, value i.e. moral behaviour and a social order based on orientations, which contribute to psychologically morality. The most famous Taoist interpretation of the significant personal transformations. Dao (Tao) is contained in the тАЬTao Te ChingтАЭ treatise: Thus, for a psychologist, game as a form of activity is тАЬDao is eternal and has no nameтАЭ (Didyk, 2013), where universal and attractive, it simulates the experience of the phenomenon of тАЬDaoтАЭ can be understood as a difficult situations and their solutions. Therefore, in universal principle, rationally inaccessible, and modern psychological practice, transformation games therefore a person should interfere as little as possible are actively used. with this principle of self-realization by his conscious The aim of the study. To investigate the impact of the action and desire. Lao Tzu considered that following the psychological transformation game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ (Melnyk Dao means seeing, experiencing the forces and sailing & Stadnik, 2018b) on value orientations of participants along with the wave without resisting the flow (Didyk, using the diagnostic method of Schwartz. 2013). This does not mean that a person should rush into the first wave that comes across. First, you need to feel Materials and Methods intuitive how this world lives and then surrender to the The toolkit of the psychological transformation game wave. Living naturally in Taoism means following тАЬMy DaoтАЭ: 12 figures representing animal symbols; 108 naturalness, avoiding arbitrary actions caused by picture cards (reproduction of classical paintings), attempts to comprehend what exists, instead of feeling divided into 3 groups; 36 incentive (motivation) cards what exists (Yachyn et al., 2011). with words of wishes; a six-sided dice (each of its six This term should not be confused with the acronym facets marked with a different number of dots from 1 DAO, which has recently emerged and means a to 6); a game board, divided into 3 sectors (from 1 to 36 decentralized autonomous organization in which control points in each) according to the leading activity (play, is distributed and distributed among team members, study, work). rather than hierarchically around a single authoritative The method of diagnosing the value orientations by figure. Although our proposed methodology is focused Schwartz (adapted by Karandashev (2004) was used to on the client(s) and not the group leader, we use the term test the effectiveness of the impact of the developed тАЬDaoтАЭ as the notion of Taoism, not as a distributed methodology of the psychological transformation game ledger technology. тАЬMy DaoтАЭ on the study participants. The first part of the тАЬMy DaoтАЭ methodology is a complex intertwining of questionnaire is designed to study the values, ideals and psychological approaches, theories and techniques, beliefs that affect the individual. The list of values including: consists of two parts: nouns and adjectives, which 22 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa - the psychoanalytic approach to the analysis of the support clients by creating the conditions for the game playerтАЩs personality through the study of psychological to continue without delving into the content. ego defence mechanisms and the use of psychoanalytic If necessary, the game master uses metaphorical images techniques (Freud et al., 1953/2001); (words, parables, anecdotes, stories) in the form of - the analytical approach to the analysis of complexes therapeutic metaphors. A therapeutic metaphor deals and the unconscious through the choice and with the unravelling of the hidden content of the clientтАЩs interpretation of the choice of game pieces by players inner world and generates in his subconscious mind the (Jung, 2014); processes associated with the construction of various - the transactional analysis (structural analysis, internal associations. As a result, conscious and transactional analysis, game analysis, scenario analysis) unconscious processes interact, giving rise to new to study the interaction of players in communication, interpretations and new behavioural reactions. This accompanied by the presentation of their positions reflects the inner experiences and the ability to reflect on (Berne, 1964/2016); them. Another facet of the principle of neutrality is - the Gestalt approach to the interpretation and realized through the game masterтАЩs concern for the discussion of picture cards and stimulus cards carried emotional background of the game. In the proposed out by participants in the game (Perls, 1973); methodology, it is the unity of word and action, decision - the individual approach to the analysis of life goals and and its implementation that is the key to the lifestyle at different age stages (game zones) of players transformation effect. The optimal background for the (Adler, 2013); game is a positive atmosphere without an emphasis on - the activity and body-oriented approach to the analysis the emotions of clients. This approach is not superficial, of behaviour and nonverbal actions of players that they it provides the lightness and dynamism necessary to perform during the game (Reich, 1972). maintain the focus on the goal. We usually perform more Among the many methodological approaches and profound work with clientsтАЩ emotions at an individual theories that we relied on in the development of тАЬMy session. DaoтАЭ, the theory of тАЬLeading Activity PeriodizationтАЭ The principle of equal position is transmitted through should be singled out (Elkonin, 2001). According to this the position of the game master, who does not provide theory, psychologists traditionally distinguish assistance or teach. He/she only creates the conditions childhood, teenage, and early youth periods. for the game. Thus, each of the participants is the only In the developed methodology, we have divided the expert in his/her life who is responsible for deciding and game into three stages: achieving his/her own goals. The psychologist is 1) childhood, where the leading activity is play; responsible for strict compliance with the rules and the 2) adolescence and youth, where the leading activity is order of the game of participants. In addition, he/she can education; ask formally logical questions without delving into the 3) the period of adulthood and old age, where the semantic aspects. leading activity is a professional activity. The principle of unity of decision and action is key to The important starting points and key principles of the the transformation process. It is realized not only in the тАЬMy DaoтАЭ methodology are: semantic story that the client creates during the game but - the principle of neutrality; also in a combination of sensorimotor and ideomotor - the principle of equal position; components. We believe that when a participant of the - the principle of unity of decision and action. game has no internal contradictions but enough The principle of neutrality is realized through the inner motivation, the successful implementation of the plan is position of the psychologist. This is due to the fact that inevitable. This idea is suggested by the psychologist to the attitude of the game master affects the outcome of participants of the game. That is, if a participant has set the game even if it has not been pronounced verbally. In a goal but cannot achieve it during the game, it does not the game, the shown leading verbal and nonverbal mean that the task is not solved in principle. But that signals of the psychologist can (consciously or means he/she is not to blame for his failure. unconsciously) be added by the participants to their The developed psychological transformation game тАЬMy personally significant self-created story. And this, in DaoтАЭ simulates the participantsтАЩ passage through typical turn, further affects certain decisions. The position of stages of human life. neutrality, in this case, implies a non-judgmental The aim of тАЬMy DaoтАЭ is to research the self-esteem and approach, impartiality and professional interest of the motivation of participants, disclosing their personal game master in the client. If a psychologist has personal resources for problem-solving and further development. feelings and thoughts, it is important that he/she defines The target group of тАЬMy DaoтАЭ: it is designed for clients them as a personal position and as one of the possible of a fairly wide age range тАТ from young people points of view. (from 17) to the elderly, as well as for clients with a wide In addition, the principle of neutrality is manifested in range of deep personal problems. It can be used for the fact that the game master does not interpret the individuals in non-clinical and clinical psychotherapy. information that arises during the game. He/she тАЬMy DaoтАЭ toolkit: generally works based only on the formal signs of what 1) 12 figures representing animal symbols and he/she hears and sees during the game. But he/she can corresponding to the types of temperament (properties) of the nervous system: 23 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa - mammals (elephant, monkey, dog); their problems?тАЭ, тАЬWhat is their goalтАЭ, тАЬWhat - birds (peacock, crow, eagle); associations does the chosen picture evoke?тАЭ, тАЬWho - reptiles (turtle, chameleon, crocodile); would you like to talk to?тАЭ, тАЬWho is this?тАЭ, тАЬWhat would - waterfowl (whale, goldfish, dolphin); you like to ask?тАЭ, тАЬWhat did they answer you?тАЭ. Players 2) 108 picture cards тАТ reproduction classical paintings, keep the picture card until the end of the game, they turned upside down and arranged in separate groups: symbolize their achievements in life. - 36 cards depicting scenes related to the age of After the answer, players take a motivation card from childhood, where the leading activity is play; the pile of face up incentive cards or choose to take it - 36 cards depicting scenes related to the age of youth, from the pile of face down cards. They then answer the where the leading activity is education; masterтАЩs questions, aimed at the playerтАЩs understanding - 36 cards depicting scenes related to the age period of of the resource/anti-resource of wish words to achieve adulthood, where the leading activity is professional the goal and solve problems. For example, тАЬWhy have activity (work); you chosen a face up/face down card?тАЭ, тАЬWhat does this 3) 36 incentive (motivation) cards with the words of wish word mean to you?тАЭ, тАЬWhat does this wish word wishes, which are composed in a pile and turned upside motivate you to do?тАЭ or тАЬWhy do you think you have down, except for one card, which is face up and placed chosen/you have got this wish?тАЭ. next to this group; Each answer is commented on and discussed if players 4) a six-sided dice (each of its six facets marked with a wish. At this stage, game participants must identify their different number of dots from 1 to 6); resource states (meditation, serenity, confidence, 5) a game board, divided into 3 sectors (from 1 to 36 inspiration, interest, attentiveness, daydreaming, energy points in each) according to the leading activity (play, surge, relaxation, anticipation, emotional uplift, feelings study, work); each sector of the game board has stop- of freedom, intellectual uplift, focus, calm, a sense of the marks: тАЬgrowthтАЭ, тАЬprizeтАЭ, тАЬpenaltyтАЭ. path, etc.). that were obtained or strengthened during the тАЬMy DaoтАЭ game description. game. The master focuses on their causes and Usually, before the start of any transformation game, consequences, actions and deeds. After discussing this participants are asked to define the playing focus. This card, the player puts it back to the pile face down, and technique is used to record changes in players that occur with it, he/she puts the one that was face up. He/she then after the game, the reflection of the participants of the opens the top motivational card from this pile, which game or it is even an indicator of the effectiveness of the he/she places next to the pile. This gives the next psychologist. We do not use this technique in our participant the opportunity to choose a motivational proposed methodology, as we believe that it is much card. more important to study the changes that occur in Participants go through all three sectors: first yellow players during the game than the тАЬclassicтАЭ result of the (play), then green (study) and red (work). They make the game (who has won; what the result is; whether the goal next moves, describing the associations with the taken was achieved, etc.). picture cards and the taken/selected motivational cards. The game is divided into three stages: preparatory, main When a player stops at the тАЬgrowthтАЭ mark, he/she moves and final. forward (doubles the result of the last throw). When a The preparatory stage. The master instructs players player stops at the тАЬprizeтАЭ mark, other participants must selected in advance, informs them about the rules and present him with one of their picture cards that they the goal of the game, draws lots to determine the order choose at their discretion. When a player stops at the of the participantsтАЩ play. Then playing cards are тАЬpenaltyтАЭ mark, the participant misses the next move. shuffled, creating a random sequence of these cards. Having reached these points, participants can express After that, the master asks the players to take turns their opinion on the justice/injustice of destiny. (according to the results of the draw) to choose one of The final stage. Participants and the master make the 12 animal characters. Analyzing their conscious or conclusions. Participants analyze their life random choice, each player answers the question: тАЬWhy achievements, associating them with the cards did I choose this particular animal?тАЭ, тАЬWhat do I accumulated during the game. The master can discuss like/dislike about it?тАЭ, тАЬWhat does it look like?тАЭ. An the following issues: the importance of the place and important condition for this stage is to create an size of a particular area of life for the participant; the atmosphere of trust and friendliness. actual amount of energy spent on a particular area of The main stage. Players take turns throwing the dice on their lives; active and passive spheres, the use of legal or a flat surface to get a random number and according to other strategies of professional activity; general this number make a certain number of moves. After characteristics of personal resources; conditions and moving a figure on one of the three sectors of the game opportunities to master the professional sphere for self- board, they take a picture card from a certain pile. The realization; personal balance of values. Summing up, the ordinal number of this card in the pile must correspond master emphasizes that the winner in this game is not the to the number of moves. They then describe the one who came first to the finish line or collected more associations that this card evokes in them, and answer cards, but the one who was able to rethink the essence the master and participantsтАЩ questions if any. For and meaning of his/her life. example: тАЬWhat does this image remind you of?тАЭ, To test the effectiveness of the psychological тАЬWhat do the characters in the picture feel?тАЭ, тАЬWhat are transformation game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ we used the method of 24 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa diagnosing the value orientations by Schwartz (adapted - Benevolence тАТ preservation and improvement of the by Karandashev (2004) applied to study the dynamics of well-being of loved ones; changes in values in groups and individuals in - Tradition тАТ respect and responsibility for cultural, connection with their life problems. The questionnaire is religious customs and ideas; based on the theory that all values are divided into social - Conformity тАТ restraint of actions and motives that may (cultural orientations) and personal. The respondent was harm others and do not meet social expectations; asked to rate the importance of each value as the - Security тАУ safety and stability of society, relationships dominant principle of his life in points. The higher the and oneself. score, the more important this value is for him/her. For the study, we selected a group of clients before and Here is a brief definition of value orientations according after the psychological transformation game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ to their central goal according to Schwartz: тАТ 134 people, including 75 men (55.97%) and 59 women - Power тАТ social status, dominance over people and (44.03%) aged 17-35 years (high school students, resources; university students, employees). The control group - Achievement тАТ personal success according to social consisted of 126 people, including 69 men (54.76%) and standards; 57 women (45.24%) aged 18-30 years (mostly - Hedonism тАТ pleasure or sensual gratification for university students). oneself; The study of the values by the methods of Schwartz - Stimulation тАТ excitement and novelty; showed the means of value orientations of treatment - Self-Direction тАТ independence of thought and action; (before and after the game) and control groups (in - Universalism тАТ understanding, tolerance and points) (Table 1). protection of the welfare of all people and nature; Table 1 The Means of Value Orientations of Treatment (Before and After the Game) and Control Groups According to the Method of Schwartz Value orientations (in points) Self-Direction Achievement Universalism Benevolence Levels studied at different stages Conformity Stimulation Hedonism Tradition Security Power Level of normative ideals Treatment group before the game (n=134) 6.6 6.1 6.9 6.4 4.4 5.9 6.8 6.2 6.4 7.0 Treatment group after the game (n=134) 5.9 5.7 6.2 6.4 5.8 5.5 6.2 5.3 6.2 6.6 Control group (n=126) 6.4 5.8 5.8 6.6 4.2 5.1 6.8 6.1 6.5 6.8 Level of individual priorities Treatment group before the game (n=134) 4.2 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.5 3.7 4.2 4.0 3.9 4.2 Treatment group after the game (n=134) 4.5 3.8 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.9 4.0 4.3 Control group (n=126) 4.3 3.4 3.8 4.5 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.9 As we can see, the values of benevolence (7.0), hedonism As for the control group, the most significant results are (6.9) and conformity (6.8) are the highest in the treatment shown in the following values: benevolence (6.8), group at the level of the normative ideals before the conformity (6.8) and self-direction (6.6), which game. These indicators characterize a person for whom corresponds to such qualities as honesty, responsibility, loyalty, indulgence, pleasure, enjoyment of life, friendship, self-discipline, politeness, self-control and obedience, self-discipline, politeness, respect for parents self-government. and elders are important. After completing the game, At the level of individual priorities in the treatment these indicators dropped to 6.6 and 6.2 points, group, an increase in hedonism (3.7/4.5), power (3.2/3.8) respectively. At the same time, the most significant and stimulation (3.7/4.1) during the game is observed, dynamics of some indicators during the game should be which indicates that for the students the role of noted. There was an increase in safety indicators from 4.4 satisfaction, success, ambition, desire for novelty and to 5.8 points (p<0.05), which indicates an increase in the strong emotions increased. role of harmony and stability. There is also a noticeable At the same time, high results of universalism (4.5), decrease in the role of tradition from 6.2 to 5.3 points, hedonism (4.5), self-direction (4.3) and conformity (4.3) universalism from 6.6 to 5.9 points and hedonism from after the game indicate an increase in understanding, 6.9 to 6.2 points (p<0.05), which indicates the tolerance, enjoyment of life, self-control, self- devaluation of humility, acceptance of oneтАЩs own destiny government, self-discipline and politeness. The level of after participating in the game. individual priorities of the control group is also 25 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa characterized by high results of self-direction (4.5) and each personтАЩs life (Berne, 1964/2016). universalism (4.3). Fink (2016) calls the play the fifth existential basic Thus, the greatest impact of the developed psychological phenomenon of human existence, the last in the transformation game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ on the client according hierarchical sense, less significant and substantial than to the method of diagnosing the value orientations by death, love, work and ruling. He considers it to be as Schwartz is observed at the level of normative ideals eternal as these phenomena. It embraces the entire human (security, tradition, hedonism and universalism), which life to its foundations, take hold of it and significantly indicates a certain change towards the increase in determines the existence of man, as well as the way of harmony and stability, decrease in humility, acceptance understanding human existence. It permeates other basic of oneтАЩs destiny, satisfaction, enjoyment of life, phenomena of human existence, being inextricably understanding and tolerance. At the level of individual intertwined and bound to them. priorities, there is an increase in hedonism, power and At a certain stage of society development, game practices stimulation. are more and more clearly manifested in non-game contexts, and game logic is purposefully used to solve Discussion certain problems, including business, managerial and One of the effective methods in the work of a educational. In modern science, these processes are psychologist is a psychological game. At the same time, described by the term тАЬgamificationтАЭ (Frissen et al., in terms of form and content, it is usually clear and 2015). Nicholson (2015) proposes a model of interesting to wide circles of people of any level of тАЬmeaningful gamification тАТ RECIPEтАЭ for transformative education. Due to these facts, the psychological game can long-term impact on clientтАЩs behaviour based on intrinsic be a modern, technological and universal tool for motivation. It contains the following game elements: psychological assistance. 1. Play тАТ facilitating the freedom to explore new The game is a universal phenomenon of human possibilities and make mistakes, allowing you to existence, inherent in all human communities without overcome the boundaries imposed by structure and rules exception. The analysis of the phenomenon of game in and experiment with new rules. modern science is based on historically formed 2. Exposition тАТ creating stories that are integrated with approaches in the game theory of previous eras, each of the real-world setting, as well as the opportunity for which is characterized by its own views on its essence participants to create their own stories. (Guzik, 2012). Thus, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato 3. Choice тАТ developing systems that put the power in the (427-347 BC) in his last dialogue (England, 1921) notes hands of the participants. that man has to spend his life in the game, playing certain 4. Information тАТ using game technologies to allow games, to get the support of gods and repel enemies. He participants to increase their knowledge about the real- even considered its educational and formative functions. world context. In the Middle Ages, the game was dominantly viewed as 5. Engagement тАТ encouraging participants to learn from a manifestation of immoral and sinful life, which others. according to AugustineтАЩs work тАЬThe City of GodтАЭ 6. Reflection тАТ assisting participants in finding other destroyed the Romans (Augustine, 2006). interests and past experiences that can deepen It should be noted that in the 19th century, the teaching engagement and learning. of Charles Darwin about the laws of the historical Thus, within the existing system of social relations, the development of living nature had a great impact on the game is one of the mechanisms of transmission of formation of game theory. The ideologist of social cultural traditions from one generation to another Darwinism Spencer believed that game is an artificial (Nicholson, 2015). Many childrenтАЩs games, in which the exercise of forces, which, in the absence of natural action, childтАЩs socialization takes place, are imitations of various become ready for genuine activity (Thomson, 1906). actions performed by people in real-life situations. The Freud et al. (2001) regarded game as the realization of game can be an imitation of a conflict. Having repressed desires, as the earliest normal forms of activity. experienced a conflict in the form of a game, a person is Berne (1964/2016), Fink (2016) and Huizinga prepared for actions in the event of its actual occurrence. (1938/2016) made the greatest contribution to the According to modern views, the game is a reflection of modern scientific understanding and interpretation of the reality, a simulation of living in difficult situations. The game phenomenon. business game acts as a means and method of preparation Human culture emerges and unfolds in play. Culture and adaptation to work, social contacts in professional arises in the form of play, first it is played out and thus situations. The modern form of the work of a consolidated in the life of society, passed down from psychologist is a transformation game (Faerman, 2020). generation to generation (Huizinga, 1938/2016). Game technology is used as a universal and attractive The game is a set of recurring complementary ulterior type of activity and cognition, a form and method of transactions characterized by a well-defined teaching. psychological manifestation. During a hidden Game activity performs the following main functions transaction, the participant often pretends, because he/she (Cherevko, 2006): entertaining (providing satisfaction, is doing one thing, but in reality, he/she is doing arousing interest, inspiring further activities); something else. In general, the game is an infinite and communicative (teaching interpersonal communication, dynamic element of the unconscious plan or scenario of assimilation of social and cultural values); self- 26 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa realization (this is a testing ground for practical the theoretical basis of the psychological transformation activities); therapeutic (overcoming various difficulties game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ. Elkonin (1989) was one of the first to that arise in other activities); diagnostic (detection of draw attention to the interaction of ideal and real forms: deviations from normative behaviour, self-cognition primary forms of affective-semantic formations of during the game); corrective (making positive changes in human consciousness exist objectively outside each the structure of personal qualities); socialization individual, exist in human society in the form of works (inclusion in the system of social relations, assimilation of art, i.e. these forms existed earlier than individual or of the norms of human coexistence). subjective affective-semantic formations. It is found out that transformation games have strong In the process of life, a person develops тАЬpsychological motivational potential (Heckhausen, 1977). The neoplasmsтАЭ, goes through certain stages (age crises), effectiveness of the transformation game is ensured by characterized by psychological changes, the sensitivity of the тАЬZeigarnik effectтАЭ (the effect of incomplete action the individual to external influences and a decrease in and the effect of waiting), which can cause a feeling of resistance to them (Elkonin, 1989). At each stage, certain approaching success in achieving the goal. In addition, personal values become more important. Values are a due to the conditions of the game, the resistance of the subjectively interested attitude towards things, participants is weakened, and the intrinsic motivation is phenomena, therefore their development presupposes an activated due to the effects of the field (Lewin, n.d.). interested attitude towards educational and professional The advantage of transformation games is that they activities. They affect life orientation, professional and capture attention, increase group excitement, along with family orientation, professional growth and other the so-called game responsibility, increase reactivity in motives that shape personality (Melnyk, 2017; Melnyk & the game situation (Myers, 2009). Stadnik, 2018a). Thus, the study of the scientific literature allowed us to Thus, for a psychologist, the transformation game is conclude that game as a form of activity has advantages attractive because it helps to establish contact, works for the work of a psychologist because it: directly with the subconscious, allows a person to realize, - helps to establish contact with the client; feel and verbalize current, exciting problems and - helps to remove barriers in communication; develops their new solutions. At the same time, the - works directly with the subconscious; psychological game is important for clients because it - allows a person to understand, feel and verbalize allows them to understand better their values and current, exciting issues; problems, helps achieve important life or professional - searches for unexpected solutions, views and goals, strengthens relationships with others, it is a method discoveries; of relaxation, fun and alternative recreation. - develops new options for overcoming problems. For the client, the psychological game is important Conclusions because it is: The developed psychological transformation game тАЬMy - a teaching method that allows a person to better DaoтАЭ is aimed at changing the self-esteem and motivation understand themselves and their values, to understand of participants, the disclosure of their personal resources their problems; to solve problems and to develop further. This technique - assistance in achieving an important life or professional is universal due to the age category of participants and goal; the ability to solve psychological problems. - a way to strengthen relationships with others (relatives, The greatest impact of the developed game on the friends, colleagues, etc.); participants is observed at the level of normative ideals: - the ability to understand interpersonal and intrapersonal tradition, conformity, security, hedonism and conflicts; universalism. This indicates their certain change towards - a way of training psychophysiological and increasing harmony and stability, as well as reducing psychosomatic activities, developing new skills; humility and acceptance of their destiny. At the level of - a way of contact with the subconscious and individual priorities, there is an increase in hedonism, understanding the causes of life obstacles; power and stimulation, which indicates an increase in the - the possibility of relaxation, pleasant pastime and role of satisfaction, success, ambition, the desire for alternative recreation in a game format. novelty and strong emotions. At the same time, high In modern psychology, there are several theories of results of universalism, hedonism, self-direction and periodization of human mental development in conformity indicate an increase in understanding, ontogenesis (Elkonin, 2001; Freud et al., 2001; Kohlberg, tolerance, enjoyment of life, self-control, self- 1969; Piaget, 1959). Despite the fact that none of these government, self-discipline and politeness of game authors considers human ontogeny over 20-year period, participants. While the level of individual priorities of the each of these theories is valuable and reflected in the control group is characterized mainly by relatively high theoretical foundations of our methodology. results of self-direction and universalism. The study of Let us consider one of the most spread theories тАТ the psychological transformation game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ with тАЬLeading activity periodizationтАЭ (Elkonin, 2001). the elderly participants and participants with various Without delving into the specifics of the activity psychological problems as well as its testing in clinical approach, we have to note that the works of this scholar psychotherapy are promising. became one of the most valuable for the development of 27 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021 ╤Аrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Ethical Approval Fink, E. (2016). 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Study of trends of studentsтАЩ demand https://archive.org/details/HerbertSpencer/mode/ for the formation of competences by higher 2up educational institutions. Science and Education, Yachyn, S. E., Kononchuk, D. V., Popovkyn, A. V., & 5, 128тАУ134. https://doi.org/10.24195/2414-4665- Bulanenko, M. E. (2011). Dao i telos v smyslovom 2017-5-22 izmerenii kultur vostochnogo i zapadnogo tipa Myers, D. G. (2009). Social psychology (10th ed.). The [Tao and Telos in the Semantic Dimension of McGraw-Hill Companies. Eastern and Western Cultures]. https://diasmumpuni.files.wordpress.com/2018/0 https://ua1lib.org/book/2726922/1976bc [in 2/david_g- Russian] Cite this article as: Melnyk, Yu. B., & Stadnik, A. V. (2021). The impact of psychological transformation game тАЬMy DaoтАЭ on value orientations of participants. International Journal of Science Annals, 4(2), 21тАУ29. https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2021.2.3 The electronic version of this article is complete. It can be found online in the IJSA Archive https://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/arhiv This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 29