International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. Psychology ORIGINAL RESEARCH Peculiarities of the Psychological Well-Being and Social Adaptation of Young Students and Cadets in Wartime Conditions Authors’ Contribution: Stadnik A. V. 1,2 BCDE , Melnyk Yu. B. 2,3 ADEF , A – Study design; Mykhaylyshyn U. B. 4 BD , de Matos M. G. 5 ADEF B – Data collection; 1 Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine C – Statistical analysis; 2 Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “Culture of Health”, Ukraine D – Data interpretation; 3 Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Ukraine E – Manuscript preparation; 4 Uzhhorod National University, Ukraine F – Literature search; 5 Aventura Social / ISAMB, University of Lisbon, Portugal G – Funds collection Received: 04.05.2023; Accepted: 28.06.2023; Published: 30.06.2023 Abstract Background and The mental health and social adaptation of young students and cadets in wartime Aim of Study: conditions is a new and understudied problem. The aim of the study: to identify the particularities of psychological well-being and social adaptation of students and cadets in wartime conditions. Material and Methods: Our study was conducted among the students and cadets of two Ukrainian universities (KNUIA, UzhNU) in 2023, February. 327 participants were divided into 3 groups: 1) 112 cadets whose permanent disposition was changed in Ukraine; 2) 108 students who were displaced and who are in Ukraine and EU countries; 3) 107 students who did not change their place of permanent residence and who are in Ukraine in the combat zone or near it. The 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) to assess psychological well-being and emotional stability, and the Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU K-22) to determine the particularities of emotional support, practical support, and social integration were used in the study. Appropriate internal consistency values (Cronbach α between 0.817 and 0.903) were found for both scales. Results: Group 1 has the best general health indicator: 1.65 times better than Group 3. The levels of somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia are lower in Group 1 (practically the same in women and men), and higher in Group 3. The highest rates of social dysfunction are found in Group 3. Men in all groups have more pronounced social dysfunction; women in all groups have more pronounced severe depression. Group 1 total perceived social support is 1.89 times better than Group 3. Emotional support, social integration are highest in Group 1, practical support is highest in Group 2. Conclusions: The lowest levels of psychological well-being and social adaptation were found in Group 3. This is probably due to uncertainty about the future, constant instability and insecurity. Teachers and psychologists are urged to consider the identified psychological and social peculiarities in the educational and clinical process when dealing with young students. Keywords: psychological well-being, social adaptation, social dysfunction, anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, wartime conditions Copyright: © 2023 Stadnik A. V., Melnyk Yu. B., Mykhaylyshyn U. B., de Matos M. G. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI and UDC DOI https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2023.1.7 UDC 159.972 Conflict of interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: This research did not receive any outside funding or support Information about Stadnik Anatoliy Volodymyrovych (Corresponding Author) – https://orcid.org/0000- the authors: 0002-1472-4224; stav1963@ukr.net; Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine, Associate Professor, Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Melnyk Yuriy Borysovych – https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-4638; Doctor of Philosophy in Pedagogy, Associate Professor; Chairman of Board, Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “Culture of Health” (KRPOCH); Director, Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Kharkiv, Ukraine. 22 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Mykhaylyshyn Ulyana Bohdanivna – https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0225-8115; Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Full Professor; Head of the Department of Psychology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine. De Matos Margarida Gaspar – https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-2350; Doctor of Philosophy in Special Education and Rehabilitation, Clinical and Health Psychologist, Full Professor, Aventura Social / ISAMB, Medical School; University of Lisbon, and FCH/ UCP, Lisbon, Portugal. Introduction The current war on the territory of Ukraine, caused by old. The participants were divided into the following Russian aggression, has become a test for all Ukrainian three groups: citizens. It particularly affects the less protected sections Group 1 included cadets of the KNUIA, whose of the population, including student youth. The regular permanent disposition was changed in Ukraine, in the massive bombardment of civilian homes and public amount of 112 people, including 95 (84.8%) males and places with missiles and drones, airstrikes on 17 (15.2%) females. infrastructure, as well as the lack of communication, Group 2 included students of the KNUIA and the water, heat, and light are significant stressors on the UzhNU, who were displaced and who are in Ukraine and individual psyche and significantly complicate the EU countries, in the amount of 108 people, including 64 learning environment. This has changed the daily life of (59.3%) males and 44 (40.7%) females. the students, and they are being forced to adapt to the Group 3 included students of the KNUIA, who did not new conditions. As a result of the massive destruction, change their place of permanent residence and who are several million of people have been forced to leave their in Ukraine in the combat zone or near it, in the amount homes (Leon et al., 2022; McKee & Murphy, 2022). of 107 people, including 59 (55.1%) males and 48 According to a study by the International Organization (44.9%) females. for Migration, more than 15 million Ukrainians have The assessment was conducted online by posting reported a deterioration in their mental health since the psychological tests using Google forms or messengers war began, and nearly one in four Ukrainians (23%) are (Telegram, Facebook, WhatsApp) for potential in need of mental and psychosocial support (Nguyen, participants. This was due to martial law in Ukraine and 2022). the limited capabilities of the respondents. In addition, According to the World Health Organization, all groups were observed during remote and face-to-face approximately 22% of people living in a conflict- classes. An individual interview was used when it was affected region will experience some form of mental necessary. disorder over a 10-year period, ranging from mild Participation in this study was voluntary. Informed depression and anxiety to other more severe mental consent was obtained from all participants before the illnesses (Collins, 2023). study was conducted. One of the most vulnerable categories is student youth, The following techniques were used in the current study: who are forced to hide in bomb shelters or leave areas of 1. The 28-item General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-28 active hostilities. The process of adapting to new (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979). conditions is sometimes quite difficult, which The questionnaire is designed to assess psychological significantly worsens learning outcomes. During war, well-being and emotional stability. It considers the young people are affected by the following psychogenic psychological state as an element of a more general factors: physical, mental and information-psychological concept – “quality of life”. The GHQ-28 consists of 4 overload, personal and family danger, loss of income or subscales: somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, job, loss of home and property, risk of death, etc. social dysfunction, severe depression. It allows to assess (Stadnik et al., 2022). the level of general health as well as the level of somatic All this leads to a deterioration of psychological well- symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression. being, emotional instability and social dysfunction, and Responses were scored on a 4-point Likert scale (from 0 requires further research in this area. to 3): 0 – Not at all, 1 – No more than usual, 2 – Rather It is impossible to develop adequate practical measures more than usual, 3 – Much more than usual. High scores, of psychological support and psychoprophylaxis which characterize the pole of psychological discomfort, without researching these particularities. correspond to positive responses to those questions that The aim of the study. To identify the particularities of reveal manifestations of psychological distress and psychological well-being and social adaptation of emotional instability. Responses to the questions students and cadets in wartime conditions. regarding the expression of positive emotions and psychological stability are scored in reverse order. The Materials and Methods higher the average score on a particular scale, the greater In February 2023 we included in the study 327 students the psychological distress. and cadets of the Military Department of the Kharkiv 2. The Social Support Questionnaire, F-SozU K-22 National University of Internal Affairs (KNUIA) and (Fydrich et al., 1999). students of the Uzhhorod National University (UzhNU). The questionnaire is designed to determine the The age of the participants ranged from 20 to 27 years characteristics of emotional and practical support, social 23 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa integration. The current study used a 22-item short form considered statistically significant if the p-value of the F-SozU. The questionnaire consists of 3 major is <0.05. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure is scales: emotional support, practical support, and social used to test sampling adequacy and must be greater than integration. A certain number of statements correspond 0.60. Cronbach’s alpha is used to estimate the reliability to each scale. Responses to direct questions about social of the instruments based on a required internal support in the questionnaire are scored as follows: 1 – consistency of >0.70. Not at all applied, 2 – Slightly applied, 3 – Moderately applied, 4 – Very applied, 5 – Extremely applied. Results Responses to negative social support questions are The results of the general health assessment in cadets scored in reverse order. and students of Ukrainian universities during the war are The factorability of the questionnaire is examined. shown in Table 1 (the GHQ-28 questionnaire was used). Several criteria are used to determine the factorability of The mean score on the GHQ-28 was 33.8. a correlation. The result of Bartlett’s sphericity test is Table 1 Final Scores for General Health Assessment by GHQ-28 Subscales in Cadets and Students of Ukrainian Universities in Wartime Conditions (Points) GHQ-28 subscales Group 1* Group 2** Group 3*** Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Somatic symptoms 6.0 6.0 6.1 8.1 7.4 9.0 10.6 9.2 12.3 Anxiety and insomnia 6.9 6.8 7.1 8.6 9.5 7.2 10.8 9.1 12.8 Social dysfunction 6.5 6.5 6.4 8.6 9.5 7.2 11.2 12.9 9.2 Severe depression 6.5 6.5 6.7 8.1 7.4 9.2 10.1 9.0 11.3 General health 25.8 - - 33.4 - - 42.7 - - Note. * Group 1 (112 people): cadets whose permanent disposition was changed in Ukraine, including 95 (84.8%) males and 17 (15.2%) females; ** Group 2 (108 people): students who were displaced and who are in Ukraine and EU countries, including 64 (59.3%) males and 44 (40.7%) females; *** Group 3 (107 people): students who did not change their place of permanent residence and who are in Ukraine in the combat zone or near it, including 59 (55.1%) males and 48 (44.9%) females. According to the GHQ-28, the total score characterizing hostilities, is much lower (33.4 points). Group 1 cadets borderline mental disorders in wartime conditions is from relatively safe regions of Ukraine had the lowest highest among students in Group 3, amounting to 42.7 overall score. It is 25.8 points, which is 1.7 times lower points. This may be due to the high level of than the score of students in Group 3, who are under psychological trauma among this category of young regular shelling by Russian troops. students. It should be noted that, considering gender, the Further elaboration of the General Health Questionnaire score is higher for women (45.6 points) and lower for allows us to identify manifestations of somatic men (40.3 points). Other groups showed the same trend. symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction, and severe The general health index for students of Group 2, living depression. The results for somatic symptoms and in regions of Ukraine where there are no active anxiety are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Levels of the GHQ-28 Somatic Symptoms and Anxiety in Cadets and Students of Ukrainian Universities in Wartime Conditions 24 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa The results show that the cadets of Group 1 (located on respectively). It should be noted that among students of the territory of Ukraine outside active hostilities) have a Group 3 who are in the territory of active hostilities somatization score of 6.0 points, which is slightly lower (Kharkiv region), the index of somatization (12.3 points) than the level of anxiety (6.9 points). At the same time, and anxiety (12.8 points) among female students is these indicators do not differ significantly between men significantly higher than among males (9.2 and 9.1 and women of Group 1 on the scales of somatization (6.0 points, respectively). In personal communication, the and 6.1 points) and anxiety (6.8 and 7.1 points), most common somatic symptoms were: headache, respectively. In our opinion, this is explained by the dizziness, shortness of breath, palpitations, shortness of normalizing influence of a mixed military team, breath, etc. purposeful activity, and fewer vital psychogenes. The results for social dysfunction and severe depression The highest levels of somatic symptoms and anxiety are are shown in Figure 2. found among students in Group 3 (10.6 and 10.8 points, Figure 2 Levels of the GHQ-28 Social Dysfunction and Severe Depression in Cadets and Students of Ukrainian Universities in Wartime Conditions In Group 3 (the area of active hostilities in Kharkiv come to the fore. Therefore, we conducted a study using region), indicators of social dysfunction (mean score - the Social Support Questionnaire, F-SozU K-22, to 11.2) and severe depression (mean score - 10.1) are determine the level of social disadaptation among significantly higher than in Group 2 (8.6 and 8.1 points, student youth in wartime conditions. respectively) and Group 1 (6.5 points for each). This Table 2 and Figure 3 show the results of the indicates an extremely high level of psychogenic manifestation levels for social adaptation and support distress in this group. The gender feature of the study is disorders (the Social Support Questionnaire, F-SozU K- that social dysfunction is more pronounced among men 22, was used). in all groups. In addition, it is highest for men in Group We found that the total value of perceived social support 3, at 12.9 points, which is almost 2 times higher than in is the highest among cadets of Group 1 who live outside Group 1 (6.5 points). Depression is more pronounced Kharkiv region (64.8 points), and the lowest among among women in all groups, with the highest level of students of Group 3 who are in Ukraine in the combat depression in Group 3 at 11.3 points. zone or near it (34.2 points). This is probably due to the Bartlett’s sphericity test reached statistical significance uncertainty of the future, constant instability and danger. for the correlation matrix of the GHQ-28 (p<0.001) and These students have a tendency to live one day at a time. the KMO measure is 0.881. This indicates a reasonable At the same time, emotional support is the highest factorability of the correlation matrix. The GHQ-28 is among cadets of Group 1 (25.7 points), while it is much internally consistent, as indicated by Cronbach’s alpha lower among students of Groups 2 and 3 (17.6 and 12.3 for the four subscales: Somatic Symptoms α=0.842; points, respectively). This is probably due to the Anxiety and Insomnia α=0.879; Social Dysfunction presence of an established team where the interaction α=0.836; Severe Depression α=0.817; for the total scale between cadets is based on mutual assistance, mutual α=0.903. These values indicate the homogeneity of the support, interchangeability, and low conflict. It should items in each of the dimensions of the scale. be noted that, in contrast to other groups, emotional We also noticed an interesting pattern. The hierarchy of support is significantly higher among women in Group mean scores in the study groups is the same: the social 3 (13.3 points) than among men (11.5 points). This may dysfunction scale ranks first, anxiety is second, be due to the fact that women are the ones who stay with depression is third, and somatic symptoms are fourth. children and elderly parents, and are usually in the same This indicates a certain structure of preclinical room when residential buildings are damaged by psychological disorders among schoolchildren in shelling. wartime conditions, where social adaptation disorders 25 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Table 2 Final Scores for the Assessment of Social Support Parameters in Cadets and Students of Ukrainian Universities in Wartime Conditions (Points) Group 1* Group 2** Group 3*** Parameters Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Emotional support 25.7 25.7 25.5 17.6 17.1 18.4 12.3 11.5 13.3 Practical support 12.9 12.6 14.2 13.7 14.2 12.9 8.2 9.2 7.0 Social integration 26.2 26.1 26.9 20.4 19.5 21.8 13.7 13.5 14.0 Perceived social support 64.8 - - 51.7 - - 34.2 - - Note. * Group 1 (112 people): cadets whose permanent disposition was changed in Ukraine, including 95 (84.8%) males and 17 (15.2%) females; ** Group 2 (108 people): students who were displaced and who are in Ukraine and EU countries, including 64 (59.3%) males and 44 (40.7%) females; *** Group 3 (107 people): students who did not change their place of permanent residence and who are in Ukraine in the combat zone or near it, including 59 (55.1%) males and 48 (44.9%) females. Figure 3 Levels of Social Support Parameters in Cadets and Students of Ukrainian Universities in Wartime Conditions Practical support is the highest among students of Integration α=0.87; for the total Perceived Social Support Group 2 (13.7 points), which, in our opinion, is related to scale α=0.90. These values indicate the homogeneity of the possibility of working abroad or in the territory of the items in each of the dimensions of the scale. Ukraine not affected by the war. The level of practical support is lowest among students in Group 3 (8.2 points), Discussion who are in the area of active hostilities, have no The peculiarities of psychological well-being and social opportunity to earn money, and live on humanitarian aid adaptation of cadets and students in war conditions and their own savings. In addition, they live in difficult turned out to be an insufficiently studied and a relevant conditions, with a lack of information due to the topic from the theoretical point of view. Since 1945, instability of the Internet, cellular communications, and Europe has not seen such a large-scale war that would interruptions in the supply of water, heat, and electricity. affect the lives of hundreds of thousands of students. Group 1 cadets have a high level of social integration To ensure the objectivity of the study, two universities (26.2 points). This is probably due to the attention and located in different (opposite) regions of Ukraine were mutual understanding of others and the existence of safe, selected. The study was conducted among students and trusting relationships within the cadet team. For students cadets in various university settings. in Group 2 (20.4 points) and Group 3 (13.7 points), this KNUIA is located in eastern Ukraine, in the city of level is much lower. This is probably due to their inability Kharkiv with a population of 1,421,125 people as of to adapt to new conditions (active hostilities) and January 1, 2022 (Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, 2022a). communities (living abroad), part-time jobs and low This city is the second largest in Ukraine in terms of wages. population and the first in terms of the number of student The F-SozU K-22 is internally consistent, as indicated by youth. There are over 30 public universities. This does Cronbach’s alpha for the main scales: Emotional not include private universities, colleges and other Support α=0.88; Practical Support α=0.86; Social educational institutions for young people. KNUIA 26 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa educates students and cadets, so the research we According to the researchers (Michalek et al., 2022), the conducted there gave us the opportunity to study a experience of war and displacement can have profound sample of students in various forms of their education. effects on children’s affective development and mental UzhNU is located in western Ukraine, in the city of health. However, the mechanisms underlying these Uzhhorod with a population of 115,449 people as of effects remain unknown. January 1, 2022 (Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, 2022b). Gilreath et al. (2022) studied stressors that can affect the We chose this city and this university for several reasons. academic performance and well-being of youth in Uzhhorod, like Kharkiv, is a regional center with the wartime conditions. These risk factors include mental, presence of university youth. However, it is much emotional, and behavioral problems. Suicidal tendencies, smaller. The city was not surrounded or occupied by substance use and abuse may manifest in the short and Russian troops as part of the territory in the Kharkiv long term. region. It was also the least exposed to rocket and air The problem of increased substance use and abuse in attack during the war. It also received many internally wartime has become a topical issue, particularly among displaced persons, including young people. UzhNU is a nonprofessional military personnel, leading to an typical and rather large university in Ukraine, with increase in psychiatric hospitalizations (Haydabrus et al., students in 20 faculties. 2022). In this way, we have been able to study the problem of We note this because it is important to consider that the the effects of war on the psychological well-being of adult civilian population of Ukraine was mobilized for young students under different conditions: among defense and combat operations. In addition, many of the students in or near a combat zone, among students and students, like their fathers, have decided to take an active cadets in various forms of education in a relatively non- part in the defense of their country. They temporarily combatant area with a large number of internally interrupted their studies by taking academic leave. displaced persons, and among refugee students in EU Being in a war zone has negative psychological effects countries. on civilians and military personnel. Rozanov et al. (2019) In recent years, a number of studies have been conducted found that both military and civilian populations suffer on the psychological problems of refugees who have from a similar set of disorders and psychological been forced to leave their homes and have been displaced consequences caused by extreme trauma, including to other countries because of hostilities in their PTSD, depression, anxiety, addiction, somatization with homeland. chronic pain, dissociation, psychosocial dysfunction, and The problems of Syrian refugees in Turkey (Oppedal et suicidal behavior. al., 2018), Lebanon (Abu-Amsha & Armstrong, 2018), It should be noted that the problem of Russian military and Germany (von Haumeder et al., 2019) have been aggression against the population of Ukraine attracted the studied. They were found to have psychological attention of the general scientific community only after problems such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic the large-scale invasion in February 2022. However, this stress disorder (PTSD). military aggression began in 2014 with the seizure of Social support, resilience, and mental health in low- Ukrainian territory, particularly the Donbass region and intensity warfare were explored among a sample of the Crimean peninsula. Moreover, it has continued all Palestinian university students living in the Gaza Strip this time. (Veronese et al., 2022). Among these students, During this time, we have had the opportunity to conduct researchers found an increase in mental disorders in the a number of psychological studies with military form of anxiety, depression, and acute stress. personnel, cadets, and students. This allowed us to study The role of spirituality and resilience in overcoming the dynamics of mental health of this category of people difficulties and adapting was studied with Yemeni during military operations in Ukraine, which have been refugee students in Saudi Arabia. Garoon et al. (2022) exacerbated in recent years by the emerging pandemic of identified five basic coping and adaptation techniques coronavirus infection (Melnyk & Stadnik, 2018; Melnyk used by students to improve their lives. Two techniques et al., 2019; 2020), as well as to continue its study in the involved spiritual practices, and three techniques could new realities of military operations. be classified as social and psychological – optimism, These studies correlate with the results of preliminary building new relationships, and the role of family studies of Ukrainian refugee and internally displaced support. students that began in 2022 (Kurapov et al., 2022; An international study by Marchi et al. (2022) explored Stadnik et al., 2022). The negative impact of the war in the problems of refugees and migrants in Europe. They Ukraine on the mental health of student youth is based on found the presence of psychological stress leading to them. mental health problems. We believe that the trends identified in this study will be Scientists regularly conducted research on the impact of characteristic of refugee students regardless of their war on people in various aspects of population migration country of study. Peculiarities of students’ psychological (Mesa-Vieira et al., 2022), their mental health, etc. well-being and social adaptation will depend on their The scale of Russian aggression against Ukraine was proximity to and involvement in the combat zone. unprecedented since World War II, resulting in the Taking into account the identified peculiarities of largest mass displacement of people from their homeland psychological state and social adaptation of cadets and in modern history (Patel & Erickson, 2022). students in war conditions, practicing psychologists 27 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa should choose the most rational measures of As this study was limited by the location and time of data psychological assistance and psychoprophylaxis. In collection, therefore further research is needed. Future addition to the traditional areas of activity (diagnostics, research will examine in detail the differences between counseling, and training), special attention should be paid students who stayed in the country during martial law and to modern psycho-correctional methods of work. those who continued their studies in other countries, as One of these techniques can be the psychological well as the long-term effects of the war on students’ transformation game “My Dao” developed by Melnyk mental health. and Stadnik (2021), which has proven to be an effective In addition, the uncertainty of the timing of the Russian method of psycho-correctional work with students, aggression on the territory of Ukraine, as well as the including in the context of the war in Ukraine. consequences of its impact on the state in general and on Ukrainian youth in particular, make this study an Conclusions intermediate step in the amount of work that has to be Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that done in a near future by scholars in the fields of the closer students are to the combat zone, the greater the Education, Psychology, Medicine, Sociology, and others. negative impact on their mental health. The research conducted with the help of GHQ-28 showed Acknowledgments that students living in the area of active hostilities in The authors would like to thank the respondents for their Kharkiv region (Group 3) have the worst values of the participation in the survey. general health indicator among all groups. The high level of psychological trauma among this category of young Ethical Approval people explains this. It is higher for women and lower for The study protocol was consistent with the ethical men in all groups of respondents. Group 1 has the best guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki as general health indicator: 1.65 times better than Group 3. reflected in a prior approval by the Institution’s Human The levels of somatic symptoms and anxiety in cadets Research Committee. outside of active combat operations (Group 1) are the lowest, while those in active combat operations Funding Source (Group 3) are the highest. Gender peculiarities of somatic This research did not receive any outside funding or symptoms and anxiety are their rather higher level among support. female students of Group 3 than among males. The levels of somatic symptoms in female and male cadets in References Group 1 are practically the same. The level of social Abu-Amsha, O., & Armstrong, J. (2018). Pathways to dysfunction and severe depression among students in resilience in risk-laden environments: A case Group 3 (area of active hostilities) is significantly higher study of Syrian refugee education in Lebanon. than in Group 2 (area of Ukraine and EU countries) and Journal on Education in Emergencies, 4(1), 45- Group 1 (area of Ukraine). It should be noted that social 73. http://hdl.handle.net/2451/42480 dysfunction is more prevalent among men in all groups. Collins, T. (2023, March 5). 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B., & de Matos, M. G. (2023). Peculiarities of the psychological well- being and social adaptation of young students and cadets in wartime conditions. International Journal of Science Annals, 6(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2023.1.7 The electronic version of this article is complete. It can be found online in the IJSA Archive https://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/arhiv This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 30