International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. Psychology ORIGINAL RESEARCH The Impact of the War in Ukraine on the Psychological Well-Being of Students Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; Pypenko I. S. 1,2 ACDE , Stadnik A. V. 3,4 BDE , B – Data collection; Melnyk Yu. B. 1,2 AEFG , Mykhaylyshyn U. B. 4,5 BD C – Statistical analysis; 1 Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “Culture of Health”, Ukraine D – Data interpretation; 2 Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Ukraine E – Manuscript preparation; 3 Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine F – Literature search; 4 Uzhhorod National University, Ukraine G – Funds collection 5 Transcarpathian Research Expert Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, Ukraine Received: 29.10.2023; Accepted: 30.11.2023; Published: 25.12.2023 Abstract Background and The war in Ukraine affects the psychological state and life activities of university students. Aim of Study: Aim of the study: to identify the state of psychological well-being of students and the peculiarities of students’ use of coping strategies in overcoming life crises on their own. Material and Methods: The study was conducted among 323 Ukrainian university students aged 20-35 in October 2023. According to the impact of the hostilities on them, the respondents were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 – 111 persons living in the area of active hostilities; Group 2 – 104 persons living in the areas where missiles and drones were fired; Group 3 – 108 persons living on the territory of Ukraine, where there were no hostilities and shelling, and in the EU countries. The Psychological General Well-Being Index, PGWBI, and the Coping Strategies Inventory, CSI, were included in an online survey. Both techniques were found to have adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha was 0.928 and 0.759, respectively). Results: Respondents in all groups are moderately distressed. The highest level of distress (the lowest level of PGWBI) was found among students in Group 1 (55.1 points). Students in Groups 2 and 3 had lower scores (60.1 and 63.5 points, respectively), which corresponds to moderate distress. Students use a variety of coping strategies in stressful situations. However, the coping strategy of cognitive restructuring was used more often (9.8 points in Group 3, 9.5 points in Group 1). This was due to a general rethinking of the meaning of life, of attitudes toward oneself and others because of the war. Coping strategies of social support (8.9 points) and self-criticism (8.7 points) were also important for Group 1. This was due to the importance of social support, reassessment of one’s own behavior and thinking in the war. Conclusions: The obtained data indicate that the war in Ukraine has a negative impact on the psychological state of students. The level of impact was higher the closer the students were to the active combat zone. This influence determined the students' choice of coping strategies in dealing with life crises on their own. Keywords: students, psychological well-being, distress, coping strategy, war Copyright: © 2023 Pypenko I. S., Stadnik A. V., Melnyk Yu. B., Mykhaylyshyn U. B. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI and UDC DOI https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2023.2.2 UDC 159.972 Conflict of interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: This research did not receive any outside funding or support Information about Pypenko Iryna Sergiivna (Corresponding Author) – https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5083-540X; the authors: iryna.pipenko@gmail.com; Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, Affiliated Associate Professor; Secretary of the Board, Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “Culture of Health”; Co-Director, Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Stadnik Anatoliy Volodymyrovych – https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-4224; Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine, Affiliated Associate Professor, Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs; Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine. Melnyk Yuriy Borysovych – https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-4638; Doctor of Philosophy in Pedagogy, Affiliated Associate Professor; Chairman of the Board, Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “Culture of Health”; Director, Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Ukraine. Mykhaylyshyn Ulyana Bohdanivna – https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0225-8115; Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Full Professor; Head of the Department of Psychology, Uzhhorod National University; Transcarpathian Research Expert Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, Ukraine. 20 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Introduction Materials and Methods The war in Ukraine affects both the physical health and To conduct the study, we engaged Ukrainian students of psychological well-being of individuals and Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs communities. Despite the relatively long period of (KhNUIA) and Uzhhorod National University (UzhNU) martial law (20 months), most Ukrainians are still in the in October 2023. epicenter of active hostilities. People are killed and The participants are between the ages of 20 and 35 years injured as a result of the constant bombardment of public old. All participants were divided into the following 3 places by Russian missiles and drones, the usual way of groups: life is disrupted, and there is often no communication, Group 1 – students living in the area of active hostilities water, heat or electricity (Stadnik et al., 2022). (Kharkiv region of Ukraine) in the amount of 111 Although a part of the population of Ukraine lives in persons, including 33 (29.7%) males and 78 (70.3%) safer regions or abroad, millions of Ukrainians have females. become internally displaced persons, migrants (Patel & Group 2 – students living in the areas of Ukraine where Erickson, 2022). there were shelling by missiles and drones and who are Recent studies show that many Ukrainians have lost internally displaced persons, in the amount of 104 their homes, jobs, money, property, parents and persons, including 19 (18.3%) males and 85 (81.7%) relatives, and have mental health problems (Ben-Ezra et females. al., 2023; Stadnik et al., 2023). Group 3 – students living in the areas where there were Data from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys have no hostilities and shelling (Transcarpathian region of highlighted that recovery from post-traumatic stress Ukraine and the EU countries), in the amount of 108 disorder is particularly slow in the context of war persons, including 16 (14.8%) males and 92 (85.2%) (Koenen et al., 2017). females. War causes trauma to both its participants and the wider Due to the war in Ukraine, the study was conducted community (Surzykiewicz et al., 2022). One of the most online. The psychological tests were posted on the vulnerable categories is the student youth, who are official website of the Scientific Research Institute forced to endure all the hardships and difficulties of war. KRPOCH (2023), using Google Forms for potential In addition, university study is a period of adult participants. In addition, all groups were monitored formation characterized by dramatic psychosocial during remote and face-to-face classes. An individual changes, problems related to learning, interpersonal interview was used when it was necessary. relationships, and the need to adapt to student life. The following techniques were used to achieve the As a result, the combination of these factors can have a research goal: Psychological General Well-Being Index significant impact on learning outcomes, as well as on – PGWBI (Grossi & Compare, 2014) and Coping students’ health and psychological well-being. Strategies Inventory – CSI (Tobin et al., 1989). To achieve a sufficient level of psychological well- Psychological well-being was assessed using the being, it is necessary to learn how to use constructive Ukrainian version of the 22-item Psychological General and effective coping strategies (Pérez-Chacón et al., Well-Being Index questionnaire 2023). Appropriate coping strategies help students to (https://forms.gle/MG5nmrydPo5Ff3Tx5). This self- deal with life’s difficulties and obstacles and to find assessment tool is designed to measure subjective well- adaptive opportunities in stressful situations. However, being or suffering over the past 4 weeks. It explores six poorly chosen coping strategies can not only cause different domains: Anxiety (ANX), Depressive Mood situational failure, but also perpetuate destructive ways (DEP), Positive Well-Being (PWB), Self-Control (SC), of dealing with difficult life situations. As a result, it can General Health (GH), and Vitality (VT). Each item was lead to mental health problems (Yeh et al., 2023). In rated on a 6-point scale (from 0 to 5). The global times of war, this is especially important for students. summary score was calculated by dividing the raw score Therefore, ignorance of protective behavior patterns (or obtained during the test by the maximum raw score the psychological mechanisms for dealing with difficult obtained for each parameter and multiplying the result situations) can be a trigger for the onset of by 100. Higher scores indicate a better PGWBI. More psychosomatic illness and other psychogenic specifically, a total score of less than 55 points indicates personality disorders. severe distress, 55-65 points indicates moderate distress, The aim of the study. To determine the impact of the war and 66-100 points indicates no distress or a state of in Ukraine on the psychological well-being of university psychological well-being. High scores on ANX and students and to identify the peculiarities of their use of DEP indicate low anxiety and low depression, while coping strategies in overcoming life crises on their own. high scores on PWB, SC, GH, and VT indicate high This study will allow us to better understand the key positive well-being, self-control, good general health, factors that affect the psychological state of students, and vitality. develop appropriate measures of psychological support Coping strategies were assessed using the Ukrainian and psychoprophylaxis for students, and help optimize version of the 32-item Coping Strategies Inventory education at universities under martial law. (https://forms.gle/PHxRXbtVRhx35M2s5). 21 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa The primary subscale of coping strategies includes the listed on the survey, indicating their choices as follows: following items: Problem Solving (PS), Cognitive 1 = “Never”, 2 = “Seldom”, 3 = “Sometimes”, Restructuring (CR), Express Emotions (EE), Social 4 = “Often” and 5 = “Almost Always”. Higher scores Support (SS), Problem Avoidance (PA), Wishful reflect greater use of the relevant coping strategy. Thinking (WT), Self-Criticism (SC), and Social Statistical analysis were calculated using SPSS 27.0 Withdrawal (SW). The secondary subscale of coping software. The data collected were analyzed using strategies includes the following items: Problem- descriptive statistics procedures, using frequencies, Focused Engagement (PFE), Problem-Focused means and standard deviations. Internal consistency was Disengagement (PFD), Emotion-Focused Engagement assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. To assess the (EFE), and Emotion-Focused Disengagement (EFD). associations between the scales, the Pearson correlation The tertiary subscale of coping strategies includes the coefficient was calculated. first tier items: Engagement (E) and Disengagement (D), as well as the second tier items: problem-focused and Results emotion-focused engagement, problem-focused and Mean scores for all items and the global summary emotion-focused disengagement. measures were calculated according to the first To calculate the secondary and tertiary subscale scores, technique (PGWBI). The general results of the scores of the relevant items on the primary subscale psychological well-being by the scales of anxiety, are summed. Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert depressive mood, positive well-being, self-control, scale. Respondents were asked to rate the overall general health, and vitality of Ukrainian universities frequency with which they use each coping strategy students during the war are shown in Table 1. Table 1 The Scores of Psychological Well-Being by Domains (Anxiety, Depressive Mood, Positive Well-Being, Self-Control, General Health, and Vitality) for Students of the Ukrainian Universities during the War (Points) Depressive Positive Self- General Group Anxiety Vitality Global Mood Well-Being Control Health Group 1 52.7 60.6 52.4 54.4 62.7 52.4 55.1 Group 2 55.5 65.6 56.0 66.0 70.7 54.0 60.1 Group 3 58.6 71.8 58.4 68.7 74.1 56.6 63.5 Anxiety in students is related to the perception of tension measures fear of illness and/or feeling too tired to study, and worry. The highest scores (less anxiety) on the ANX which can interfere with learning. Students in Group 3 scale were found among students in Group 3 scored the highest on the GH scale (74.1 points), which (58.6 points), which is lower than the scores of Group 2 is significantly higher than the scores of Group 1 (55.5 points). The lowest scores (more anxiety) were (62.7 points) and Group 2 (70.7 points). shown by students in Group 1 (52.7 points). Vitality assesses mental and physical fatigue, apathy, Depressive mood is a state of low mood and feelings of loss of energy, and activity. According to the VT scale, sadness and despair that can be caused by sleep the scores for the three groups of respondents did not disturbance and fatigue during war. Major depression differ significantly. The lowest scores (lower vitality) may be a risk factor for suicide. The lowest scores on the were for students in Group 1 (52.4 points), and the DEP scale (with depression) were observed among highest scores were for students in Group 3 students in Group 1 (60.6 points), and the highest scores (56.6 points). (without depression) were observed among students in The highest level of distress (the lowest level of Group 3 (71.8 points). The data showed a significant PGWBI) was found among students in Group 1 difference (p<0.05) between these groups. (55.1 points). Students in Groups 2 and 3 had lower Positive well-being refers to satisfaction with learning, scores (60.1 and 63.5 points, respectively), which work, and daily activities. The data obtained did not corresponds to moderate distress. show a significant difference between the groups A comparison of gender differences (Figure 1) showed studied. Students in Group 1 perceived their learning that male students scored higher than female students on and living conditions as more unsatisfactory than other almost all indicators of PGWBI technique, indicating a groups, while students in Group 3 had the highest scores higher level of psychological well-being. on the PWB scale (58.4 points). At the same time, female participants in Groups 2 and 3 Self-control means having the ability to control your scored higher on the DEP scale (66.8 and 72.2 points) emotions, behaviors, desires, confidence, and need to than male participants (59.7 and 69.6 points). This make difficult decisions. According to the SC scale, indicates a low level of depression and stress. It should significant differences were found between students of also be noted that women in Group 1 have rather low Group 1 and Groups 2, 3 (54.4 and 66.0, 68.7 points, scores on the ANX (50.3 points), PWB (49.7 points), SC respectively). Students in Group 1 had the lowest scores (53.4 points), and VT (47.9 points) scales. This indicates (less self-control). their great distress. The absence of distress on the GH General health characterizes perceptions of health and scale was shown by men of all groups, indicating their 22 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa satisfactory general health. Men in Groups 2 and 3 have lowest score of all gender groups (52.4 points), and thus the highest global scores (67.5 and 67.3 points, the highest overall level of distress, is found among respectively), indicating their state of no distress. The female students in Group 1. Figure 1 The Scores of Psychological Well-Being by Gender of Students of the Ukrainian Universities during the War According to Six Scales (Points) Note. ANX – Anxiety, DEP – Depressive Mood, PWB – Positive Well-Being, SC – Self-Control, GH – General Health, VT – Vitality. The mean, standard error, standard deviation, and Cronbach’s alpha for the total scale was 0.928. These median of the total scores obtained from the PGWBI scores indicate the homogeneity of the items in each of technique scales are summarized in Table 2. Cronbach’s the dimensions of the scale. alpha coefficients were computed for each of the six Inter-item correlation matrix for PGWBI scales is shown scales of the PGWBI to estimate internal consistency in Table 3. The correlation indicated a strong, positive reliability (Table 2). All scales were found to have relationship between all items on the scale. acceptable levels of reliability (α=0.689–0.843). Table 2 Descriptive Statistics and Internal Consistency Reliability for PGWBI Scales (N=323) Standard error Standard Internal consistency Scales Mean Median of mean deviation reliability Anxiety 55.49 1.124 64.00 20.19 0.843 Depressive Mood 65.86 1.203 73.33 21.61 0.741 Positive Well-Being 55.65 1.043 55.00 18.74 0.766 Self-Control 62.79 1.175 66.67 21.11 0.729 General Health 68.96 1.108 66.67 19.92 0.689 Vitality 54.12 0.996 55.00 17.90 0.814 Table 3 Inter-Item Correlation Matrix for PGWBI Scales Scales ANX DEP PWB SC GH VT ANX 1.000 0.703 0.825 0.787 0.649 0.811 DEP 0.703 1.000 0.550 0.615 0.691 0.623 PWB 0.825 0.550 1.000 0.761 0.548 0.788 SC 0.787 0.615 0.761 1.000 0.613 0.731 GH 0.649 0.691 0.548 0.613 1.000 0.630 VT 0.811 0.623 0.788 0.731 0.630 1.000 Note. ANX – Anxiety, DEP – Depressive Mood, PWB – Positive Well-Being, SC – Self-Control, GH – General Health, VT – Vitality. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to technique (CSI). The level of use of coping strategies for assess the associations between the scales (Table 4). the primary subscale by the students of the Ukrainian Mean scores for all items and the global summary universities during the war, including gender measures were calculated according to the second differences, is shown in Figure 2. 23 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Table 4 Pearson Correlations for PGWBI Scales Scales ANX DEP PWB SC GH VT Pearson Correlation 1.000 0.703** 0.825** 0.787** 0.649** 0.811** ANX Sig. (2-tailed) - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Pearson Correlation 0.703** 1.000 0.550** 0.615** 0.691** 0.623** DEP Sig. (2-tailed) <0.001 - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Pearson Correlation 0.825** 0.550** 1.000 0.761** 0.548** 0.788** PWB Sig. (2-tailed) <0.001 <0.001 - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Pearson Correlation 0.787** 0.615** 0.761** 1.000 0.613** 0.731** SC Sig. (2-tailed) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - <0.001 <0.001 N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Pearson Correlation 0.649** 0.691** 0.548** 0.613** 1.000 0.630** GH Sig. (2-tailed) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - <0.001 N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Pearson Correlation 0.811** 0.623** 0.788** 0.731** 0.630** 1.000 VT Sig. (2-tailed) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Note. ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); ANX – Anxiety, DEP – Depressive Mood, PWB – Positive Well-Being, SC – Self-Control, GH – General Health, VT – Vitality. Figure 2 Level of Use of Coping Strategies for the Primary Subscale by Ukrainian University Students during the War (Points) Note. PS – Problem Solving, CR – Cognitive Restructuring, EE – Express Emotions, SS – Social Support, PA – Problem Avoidance, WT – Wishful Thinking, SC – Self-Criticism, SW – Social Withdrawal. The highest coping strategy scores for all groups were (9.2 points) in addition to the SS coping strategy for the CR coping strategy (10.0 points for Group 3, (8.6 points). This is manifested in the independent 9.6 points for Group 1, 9.4 points fir Group 2). This search for mistakes, the evaluation of one’s own demonstrates the importance of changing maladaptive behavior and the results of one’s own thinking. thoughts to more appropriate ones in order to reduce the In addition to social support (9.2 points for the SS level of suffering. However, there are some differences coping strategy), Group 2 is characterized by wishful in the scores of the groups studied, which may indicate thinking (9.3 points for the WT coping strategy), which certain peculiarities of the impact of proximity to the indicates that students’ beliefs and decisions are formed combat zone on students. according to what is pleasurable rather than according to Group 1 is characterized by the SC coping strategy rationality or reality. 24 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa For Group 3, expressing emotions (EE – 9.1 points) and Gender differences include the predominance of the CR social support (SS – 9.3 points) play an important role in coping strategy for men in all groups studied. For overcoming anxiety and depression, which is manifested women in Group 1, self-critical coping (SC – 9.5 points) in expressive speech and behavior, physical and is typical, Group 2 is characterized by wishful thinking emotional help even to strangers. (WT – 9.1 points), and Group 3 is characterized by Representatives of all groups have the lowest scores on emotional coping (EE – 9.2 points) and cognitive the social withdrawal subscale: 6.2 points in Group 3, restructuring coping (CR – 9.7 points). 6.4 points in Group 1, and 6.5 points in Group 2 for the Students’ use of coping strategies for the secondary SW coping strategy. This demonstrates the subscale is characterized as follows (Figure 3). ineffectiveness of this coping strategy in dealing with the stress of war. Figure 3 Level of Use of Coping Strategies for the Secondary Subscale by Ukrainian University Students during the War (Points) Note. PFE – Problem-Focused Engagement, PFD – Problem-Focused Disengagement, EFE – Emotion-Focused Engagement, EFD – Emotion-Focused Disengagement The highest scores among students of all groups are for active assimilation of these strategies by the respective coping strategies of emotion-focused engagement EFE categories of students. EFD coping strategies are the (18.4 points for Group 3 and 18.1 points for Group 2) least used by all groups (15.6 points, 15.5 points, and and problem-focused engagement PFE (18.2 points for 15.0 points for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Group 3 and 17.5 points for Group 1), which shows the Gender differences include more frequent use of importance of managing emotions and problems to problem-focused engagement coping strategies by men overcome the effects of stress. At the same time, Group in all groups. While for women, it is a coping strategy of 2 is more likely to use a PFE coping strategy emotion-focused engagement. (17.2 points), and Group 1 is more likely to use an EFE The level of use of coping strategies for the tertiary coping strategy (17.0 points), which indicates a more subscale by the students is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 Level of Use of Coping Strategies for the Tertiary Subscale by Ukrainian University Students during the War (Points) 25 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Students in all groups used engagement (E) coping the ineffectiveness of coping with stress through strategies more often (34.5 points, 35.3 points, and engagement strategies among students in this group. 36.7 points for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). At the The mean, standard error, standard deviation, and same time, the gap in the use of disengagement (D) median of the total scores obtained on the subscales of coping strategies is the smallest in Group 3, indicating the CSI technique are summarized in Table 5. Table 5 Descriptive Statistics for the Secondary and the Tertiary Subscales of the CSI and Internal Consistency Reliability Items of Standard Standard Internal consistency N Mean Median Range subscale error of mean deviation reliability PFE 323 17.73 0.305 18.00 5.48 23 0.795 PFD 323 16.46 0.284 16.00 5.11 22 0.739 EFE 323 17.86 0.320 18.00 5.75 20 0.844 EFD 323 15.31 0.269 14.00 4.83 18 0.672 E 323 35.59 0.545 36.00 9.80 39 0.820 D 323 31.77 0.477 30.00 8.57 34 0.706 Note. PFE – Problem-Focused Engagement, PFD – Problem-Focused Disengagement, EFE – Emotion-Focused Engagement, EFD – Emotion-Focused Disengagement, E – Engagement, D – Disengagement. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients were computed for each Emotion-Focused Disengagement, and 0.820 and 0.706 of the secondary and the tertiary subscales of the CSI to for the tertiary subscale, Engagement and estimate internal consistency reliability (Table 5). Disengagement respectively. Cronbach’s alpha for the Acceptable internal consistency was seen for all total scale was 0.759. These scores indicate the subscales. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from homogeneity of the items in each subscale. 0.672 to 0.844 for the secondary subscale, which are To assess the associations between the secondary and Problem-Focused Engagement, Problem-Focused tertiary subscales, the Pearson correlation coefficient Disengagement, Emotion-Focused Engagement, and was calculated (Table 6). Table 6 Pearson Correlations for the Secondary and the Tertiary Subscales of the CSI Items of subscale PFE EFE PFD EFD E D Pearson Correlation 1.000 0.522** -0.372** -0.327** 0.865** -0.406** PFE Sig. (2-tailed) - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Pearson Correlation 0.522** 1.000 -0.076 -0.161** 0.879** -0.136* EFE Sig. (2-tailed) <0.001 - 0.173 0.004 <0.001 0.014 N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Pearson Correlation -0.372** -0.076 1 0.486** -0.252** 0.870** PFD Sig. (2-tailed) <0.001 0.173 - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Pearson Correlation -0.327** -0.161** 0.486** 1.000 -0.277** 0.854** EFD Sig. (2-tailed) <0.001 0.004 <0.001 - <0.001 <0.001 N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Pearson Correlation 0.865** 0.879** -0.252** -0.277** 1.000 -0.307** E Sig. (2-tailed) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - <0.001 N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Pearson Correlation -0.406** -0.136* 0.870** 0.854** -0.307** 1.000 D Sig. (2-tailed) <0.001 0.014 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - N 323 323 323 323 323 323 Note. ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed); PFE – Problem-Focused Engagement, PFD – Problem-Focused Disengagement, EFE – Emotion-Focused Engagement, EFD – Emotion-Focused Disengagement, E – Engagement, D – Disengagement. Discussion martial law, and full-scale war in Ukraine, which has This research is part of a comprehensive study of mental been ongoing since 2014. health in the extreme conditions of low-intensity war, Previous studies (Melnyk et al., 2019) have examined the 26 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa impact of extreme conditions of low-intensity warfare on proximity to the combat zone. military personnel. It was found that the level of An important feature of the present study is the resistance of military personnel to combat psychological following: trauma depends on the impact of extreme conditions - Group 1 was located in an active war zone. During the (participation in combat operations). There is a high first 600 days of the full-scale war, the duration of alarms probability of mental disorders, a tendency to personality for Kharkiv region amounted to 99 days and nights, 18 dysfunction, behavioral and activity disorders, even with hours and 11 minutes, and part of the territory was slight exposure to extreme conditions (lack of combat occupied. experience). The COVID-19 pandemic has added - Group 2 was under the influence of war stressors at the extreme conditions to the already existing conditions of time of the survey. However, this proved to be less low-intensity warfare in our study of the mental health of significant and the territories were not occupied. military personnel and students. These new conditions - Group 3 included Ukrainian students residing in made it possible to find out that military personnel with Ukraine with the status of internally displaced persons combat experience were significantly less likely to suffer and in EU countries with the status of temporary from anxiety, depression, and stress and sleep disorders protection. than military personnel without such experience (Melnyk Marchi et al. (2022) studied the problems of refugees and et al., 2020; Melnyk & Stadnik, 2020). We assumed that migrants in Europe and found that the study participants the mental health of students in low-intensity war and experienced psychological stress leading to mental health extreme pandemic conditions would be significantly problems. War-related population movements have a different from that of trained military personnel. For this negative impact on mental health, which is regularly reason, we studied only those students who participated confirmed by numerous studies (Ben-Ezra et al., 2023; in sports. It was found that most students had a moderate Bogic et al., 2015; Bryant et al., 2022; Mesa-Vieira et al., level of mental health, about a third had a high level of 2022). mental health, and less than 10% had a low level of The unprecedented scale of Russian aggression against mental health (Melnyk et al., 2022). Other researchers Ukraine has caused the largest mass displacement of have found similar results regarding the positive effects people in modern history (Patel & Erickson, 2022). of physical activity and sports on the mental health of Studies show that asylum seekers and refugees are probationers during this period (Klaus et al., 2023; particularly vulnerable to traumatic experiences, which Senışık et al., 2021). These studies confirm the fact that are of a threefold nature: pre-migration, peri-migration systematic physical activity has a positive effect on and post-migration. (Chen et al., 2017). According to the mental health, even under the extreme conditions of a researchers (Michalek et al., 2022), the experience of war pandemic and/or low-intensity war. The positive role of and displacement can have profound effects on children’s physical activity on students’ mental health has been affective development and mental health. However, the demonstrated in numerous studies (Biddle et al., 2019; mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. Mahindru et al., 2023; Tyson et al., 2010; White et al., The relevance of certain psychological symptoms 2017), including in the extreme conditions of the (anxiety, depression, insomnia, feeling of poor health) COVID-19 pandemic (Lee et al., 2021; Lukács, 2021; among civilians during war is widely recognized by Savage et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020). Carpiniello (2023); Morina et al. (2018). Studies of student youth in the context of a full-blown Contemporary studies during the Russian-Ukrainian war war show that the greatest psychogenias are the have shown high prevalence rates of symptoms of following: risk of death of relatives, family, separation psychological distress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia from relatives, family, lack of work or other source of among Ukrainians aged 18 years and older. In addition, income, fear of death and risk of loss of property. the scientists emphasize the need for further research and Associations have also been found between the development of effective survival strategies for psychological distress and chronic fatigue and sleep Ukrainians during the war (Khraban, 2022; Xu et al., disturbances (Stadnik et al., 2022). The relationship 2023). between the above aspects is bidirectional, as symptoms The real need and problem that was identified in the can be both a source and a consequence of psychological scientific literature, but not solved in practice, distress. In addition, the dependence of the psychological determined the choice of the research subject and the state of the students on their physical proximity to the techniques we used. In research and practice, the PGWBI combat zone was revealed. The closer students were to and CSI are effective and valid tools. the combat zone, the greater the negative impact on their The PGWBI is widely used in modern research mental health (Stadnik et al., 2023). (Gonzales et al., 2023; Maugeria et al., 2020). It also As an extension of previous research on student mental allows analysis and comparison of the data obtained. health, this paper focuses on the following understudied Our research has shown that students in Group 1, where aspect of the problem – analysis of the psychological the constant shelling causes tension, anxiety, and well-being of university students and their choice of dissatisfaction with daily activities, have the lowest coping strategies in overcoming life crises in the context scores on the anxiety and well-being scales. At the same of the war in Ukraine. We took into account our earlier time, the highest rates of general health are observed data on the effectiveness of the study by dividing the among students of Group 3. This shows that poor mood entire sample of students into groups based on their and fatigue have minimal impact on learning outcomes. 27 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa The Psychological General Well-Being Index was quite disorder – chronic stress/disorder both on both personal low for most of the students surveyed, due to the presence and societal levels (Vus & Esterlis, 2022). Gilreath et al. of many psychogenias caused by the war. This includes (2022) studied stressors that can affect the academic shelling of public places, hospitals, schools, energy and performance and well-being of youth in wartime supply facilities, resulting in prolonged lack of water, conditions. heat, electricity and communications. Representatives of Therefore, it is particularly important to study the all student groups are moderately distressed. The highest strategies that students use to cope with stressful level of distress (the lowest level of PGWBI) was found situations under difficult wartime conditions. Coping among students in Group 1 (55.1 points), in the area strategies are different ways of dealing with a stressful where active hostilities are taking place. Students in situation and are important for everyone’s mental health. Groups 2 and 3 had lower levels of distress (60.1 points Furthermore, adaptive coping styles lead to improved and 63.5 points, respectively), but distress was still in the mental health, while maladaptive coping styles lead to range of moderate distress for this technique. Only men further deprivation and other mental health problems. in all groups showed no distress on a separate scale We chose the CSI questionnaire to study coping (general health), indicating their satisfactory general strategies because it is a reliable, proven, and widely used health and well-being. The highest distress (lowest score technique in research for assessing thoughts and of all groups) on the positive well-being scale was behaviors that arise in response to a particular stressor reported by female students in Group 1 (49.7 points). We (Pérez-Chacón et al., 2023; Yeh et al., 2023). As a believe that this is due to certain psychological particular type of social behavior, stress coping can either characteristics and social roles of women, as well as the ensure or destroy a person’s health and well-being. It fact that they often witness numerous civilian casualties allows the subject to cope with stress or inability to during war. function in difficult life situations by being aware of their Previous work using the PGWBI has also largely own actions. In addition, such behavior is aimed at indicated gender differences, with female students actively interacting with the situation, i.e., changing it (if reporting higher levels of distress than male students (De it is under control) or adapting to it (if it is not under la Rosa et al., 2022). control). The use of other research techniques (the Depression Our research has shown that university students use Anxiety Stress Scales, DASS-21; General Health different coping strategies in the stressful situations of the Questionnaire, GHQ-28; and the Social Support war in Ukraine. However, the coping strategy of Questionnaire, F-SozU K-22) in the context of dividing cognitive restructuring is more commonly used. It should students into groups according to their proximity to the also be noted that Group 1 is characterized by coping combat zone allowed us to obtain similar results: the strategies of social support and self-criticism. manifestations of depression were higher among women This study has some limitations. First of all, it should be than among men. At the same time, severe and extremely noted that the study was conducted under conditions of severe manifestations of anxiety (2-3 times higher than active war, which may be the reason for the high values. similar indicators of respondents) were observed among Another limitation of our study is the small number of students who were not in the vicinity of the combat zone participants in each group. A more complex assessment (Stadnik et al., 2022, 2023). Thus, using different of the students was not possible under these conditions. techniques to study this problem leads to similar results. In our study of Ukrainian students, we used only the The war had a significant negative impact on the mental Ukrainian language versions of the PGWBI and CSI state of the students, and the closer they were to the war questionnaires. These versions of the questionnaires zone, the greater the impact. eliminated potential errors in question interpretation and In the study, we took into account the particularities of optimized response time. Nevertheless, this provided student youth. For students, studying at a university is important information that gives a first glimpse into the usually characterized by drastic psychosocial changes mental health status of the sample. It also made it possible related to interpersonal relationships and the need to to draw conclusions that help to take early measures adapt to student life. Therefore, not only the effects of aimed at improving the state of psychological well-being war, but also various social aspects of a student’s life can of students, taking into account the peculiarities of the significantly affect his or her ability to learn and lead to use of coping strategies that they use to overcome life a deterioration of psychological well-being. crises. Previous research on the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the mental health of student youth in Ukraine Conclusions described by predictors determining the impact of Thus, the war in Ukraine negatively affects the specific features of the style of interpersonal behavior on psychological well-being of university students – the the index of perceived stress, index of coping resources, closer they are to the combat zone, the greater the impact. positive attitude toward others, autonomy, environmental This influence is also reflected in their use of coping management, personal development, life goals, self- strategies to manage life crises on their own. perception, psychological well-being, integration, The findings add to the knowledge of resources that need control, risk acceptance and resilience (Lunov et al., to be developed to increase students’ resilience and 2023). Effects are also identified and characterized by psychological well-being. It can also become the basis levels of mental health impact: acute reactions – acute for developing modern methods of social and 28 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa psychological support for students affected by the war. of Environmental Research and Public Health, These methods should be comprehensive and involve the 20(4), Article 2840. active collaboration of educational stakeholders in https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042840 developing strategies to overcome difficulties, taking Chen, W., Hall, B. J., Ling, L., & Renzaho, A. M. (2017). into account the individual psychological, social and Pre-migration and post-migration factors cultural characteristics of students. This complex associated with mental health in humanitarian approach can play an important role in developing a sense migrants in Australia and the moderation effect of of security, individual empowerment and “getting back post-migration stressors: Findings from the first on track”. wave data of the BNLA cohort study. The Lancet The results of the study point to the need for further Psychiatry, 4(3), 218–229. research on student youth living in areas of active https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30032-9 hostilities to determine the long-term consequences of De la Rosa, A., Monterrosa Quintero, A., Camacho- this exposure on their psychological state, as well as the Villa, M. A., Arc-Chagnaud, C., Andrade, possibilities for optimizing education at universities A.G.P.d., Reyes-Correa, S., Quintero-Bernal, R., under martial law. & Fuentes-García, J. P. (2022) Physical activity levels and psychological well-being during Acknowledgments COVID-19 lockdown among university students The authors would like to thank the respondents for their and employees. International Journal of participation in the survey. Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), Article 11234. Ethical Approval https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811234 The study protocol was consistent with the ethical Gilreath, T. D., Montiel Ishino, F. A., Sullivan, K. S., & guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki as Okoror, T. A. (2022). Maladaptive coping among reflected in a prior approval by the Institution’s Human military-connected adolescents: Examining Research Committee. Permission for research received in combined risk using QCA. Frontiers in the Research Committee of virtue and ethics Scientific Psychology, 13, Article 948474. Research Institute KRPOCH (protocol No. 023-1/SRI- https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.948474 KRPOCH dated 10.08.2023). 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(2020). Mental https://doi.org/10.3109/09638230902968308 health problems during the COVID-19 pandemics White, R. L., Babic, M. J., Parker, P. D., Lubans, D. R., and the mitigation effects of exercise: A Astell-Burt, T., & Lonsdale, C. (2017). Domain- longitudinal study of college students in China. specific physical activity and mental health: A International Journal of Environmental Research meta-analysis. American Journal of Preventive and Public Health, 17(10), Article 3722. Medicine, 52(5), 653-666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103722 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.12.008 Cite this article as: Pypenko, I. S., Stadnik, A. V., Melnyk, Yu. B., & Mykhaylyshyn, U. B. (2023). The impact of the war in Ukraine on the psychological well-being of students. International Journal of Science Annals, 6(2), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2023.2.2 The electronic version of this article is complete. It can be found online in the IJSA Archive https://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/arhiv This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 31