International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. Psychology ORIGINAL RESEARCH Life Satisfaction and Psychological Resilience among University Students during Wartime Authors’ Contribution: A – Study design; Pypenko I. S.1,2 CDEF , Stadnik A. V. 1,3 ABDEF , B – Data collection; Mykhaylyshyn U. B. 3 BD C – Statistical analysis; 1 Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “Culture of Health”, Ukraine D – Data interpretation; 2 Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Ukraine E – Manuscript preparation; 3 Uzhhorod National University, Ukraine F – Literature search; G – Funds collection Received: 28.08.2025; Accepted: 30.09.2025; Published: 25.12.2025 Abstract Background and The war in Ukraine is having a significant impact on the mental health of all its Aim of Study: residents. This is particularly noticeable among young university students, who are forced to seek refuge both within and outside the country during their studies. The aim of the study: to identify the characteristics of life satisfaction and psychological resilience among university students in different learning environments during wartime. Material and Methods: The study was conducted at Uzhhorod National University in Ukraine in May 2025. It used the Google Forms platform to administer two psychological tests: the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 (CD-RISC 10). Respondents aged 18–35 were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 116 students, 21.6% of whom were male and 78.4% of whom were female. None of them has changed their place of residence (Ukraine). Group 2 consisted of 108 students, 19.4% of whom were male and 80.6% of whom were female. They were all forced to relocate to other regions, including Ukraine and the European Union. Results: Both groups of students showed high internal consistency in their SWLS and CD- RISC 10 scores (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.856 to 0.929). Students in Group 1 report levels of extreme and general dissatisfaction with life that are almost 1.4 times higher than those in Group 2. However, this indicator is significantly higher among men than women. This suggests that their psychological well-being is poor. On average, students in Group 1 are 25.5% more psychologically resilient than those in Group 2, who are 23.6% resilient. Furthermore, the proportion of students in Group 2 who have low psychological resilience is almost double that in Group 1. In terms of gender characteristics, women in Group 1 demonstrate higher levels of psychological resilience (29.7%), whereas men in Group 2 demonstrate lower levels (14.3%). These are the highest levels observed across all gender groups. Conclusions: A positive strong correlation (r=0.811) has been found between psychological resilience and life satisfaction among university students during wartime, confirming high convergent validity. However, there was a significant decrease in psychological resilience among students in Group 2, who had relatively low levels of life satisfaction. Therefore, it is necessary to develop programmes that actively promote psychological intervention and social support to improve the mental well-being and learning effectiveness of university students. Keywords: mental health, life satisfaction, psychological resilience, quality of life, students, war Copyright: © 2025 Pypenko I. S., Stadnik A. V., Mykhaylyshyn U. B. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI: https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2025.2.1 Conflict of interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: This research did not receive any outside funding or support 26 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Information about Pypenko Iryna Sergiivna (Corresponding Author) – https://orcid.org/0000-0001- the authors: 5083-540X; iryna.pipenko@gmail.com; Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, Affiliated Associate Professor, Secretary of Board, Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “Culture of Health”; Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Ukraine. Stadnik Anatoliy Volodymyrovych – https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-4224; Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine, Affiliated Associate Professor, Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “Culture of Health”, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine. Mykhaylyshyn Ulyana Bohdanivna – https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0225-8115; Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Full Professor; Head of the Department of Psychology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine. Introduction The war in Ukraine is the most challenging time in the countries. Of these, 21 (19.4%) were men and 87 lives of its people. Everyone in the country has been (80.6%) were women. affected by the war, whether through being mobilised Due to the war in Ukraine, the study was conducted by and participating in combat operations, losing loved posting psychological questionnaires on Google Forms. ones, homes and property, or being forcibly displaced. Additionally, all groups of university students were People have suffered air raids, shelling and power observed during face-to-face and online classes. shortages. Active hostilities have forced many to flee Mental Health Measures their homes and normal lives in search of refuge, both The Satisfaction with Life Scale, a 5-item scale, SWLS within the country and abroad. This includes university (Diener et al., 1985) was used to assess students’ life students (Melnyk et al., 2024; Mykhaylyshyn et al., satisfaction and quality of life. In the present study, the 2024; Pypenko et al., 2023; Stadnik et al., 2023; 2025). adapted Ukrainian version of the questionnaire by Fear of death, anxiety, concern for loved ones and being Stadnik and Melnyk was used forced to relocate to safer areas all negatively impact (https://forms.gle/9GoFoTZjWnMxrMW5A). The mental health and life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is SWLS is designed to measure overall perceptions of essentially an attitude towards reality formed through quality of life. It enables respondents to rate the emotions and feelings, and it has a significant impact on importance of different areas of life according to their a person’s mental health (Melnyk et al., 2025; Samir personal values, providing an overall judgement of life AlKudsi et al., 2022). satisfaction. Each of the five items is rated using a On the other hand, personal resilience is an important seven-point Likert scale, where 1 means “strongly factor in the mental well-being of every university disagree” and 7 means “strongly agree”. Higher scores student. The APA Executive Director for Practice indicate greater life satisfaction. The SWLS scores (Newman, 2002) defines psychological resilience as showed good internal consistency. The Cronbach’s “the process of adapting and recovering when faced with alphas were 0.917 for Group 1 students (who did not adversity, tragedy, trauma, or stress”. Psychological leave their place of residence) and 0.856 for Group 2 resilience is a complex concept determined by a students (who were temporarily displaced), respectively. combination of personal, social and cultural factors The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, a 10-item scale, (Melnyk et al., 2020; Southwick et al., 2014). Recent CD-RISC-10 (Davidson, 2018) was used to assess studies (Jackson et al., 2007) have shown that resilience psychological resilience, or a person’s ability to recover can be strengthened through training and education. from stressful events, tragedy or trauma. The adapted This improves the mental health and learning Ukrainian version of the Stadnik and Melnyk effectiveness of university students during wartime. questionnaire (https://forms.gle/d1TQ17tRoSeLy7RF8) The aim of the study. To identify the characteristics of was used in the present study. This scale has strong life satisfaction and psychological resilience among psychometric properties and consists of ten items, each university students in different learning environments of which is rated on a five-point scale from 0 to 4. during wartime. Higher scores indicate greater resilience. Possible answers include: 0 – Not true at all; 1 – Rarely true; 2 – Materials and Methods Sometimes true; 3 – Often true; 4 – True nearly all of the Participants time. The total score is obtained by adding together the A survey was carried out among students aged 18 to 35 points awarded for each of the ten items. The total score at Uzhhorod National University in May 2025. The can range from 0 to 40 and is assessed as follows: 0–15 students participating in the study were divided into two points: low level of resilience; 16–20 points: below groups. Group 1 consisted of 116 university students average level of resilience; 21–25 points: average level; from western Ukraine who did not leave their place of 26–30 points: above average level of resilience; 31–40 residence during the war. Of these, 25 (21.5%) were points: high level of resilience. The average male and 91 (78.4%) were female. Group 2 consisted of psychological resilience score is found by taking the 108 university students who were displaced persons arithmetic mean of the total score. This scale is widely residing temporarily in Ukraine and European Union used in research and practice related to stress. The 27 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Cronbach’s alphas for this scale in the present study were performed between all items within each scale (i.e. were 0.929 (Group 1) and 0.919 (Group 2). inter-item correlations). A value greater than 0.4 Overall, the CD-RISC-10 scale indicates how well a indicated that an item was measuring the scale person copes with stress, while the SWLS scale homogeneously. Convergent validity was evaluated by indicates their general life satisfaction. Resilience is a correlating total scores on the Satisfaction with Life strong predictor of achieving this satisfaction. Scale (SWLS) with total scores on the Connor-Davidson The psychological methods and research procedure used Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10). Pearson correlation in the study were approved by the Committee on Ethics coefficients were used for convergent validity. and Research Integrity of the Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH (protocol no. 026-1/SRIKRPOCH Results dated 10.08.2024). Life satisfaction is an important indicator of an Statistical Analysis individual’s quality of life and psychological well-being All data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS (Stadnik et al., 2023). Table 1 shows the descriptive Statistics for Windows (Version 30.0). statistics for each life satisfaction criterion: mean, The reliability (internal consistency) of the scales was standard deviation, statistical sum and variance for assessed using Cronbach’s alpha test to evaluate internal Groups 1 and 2. The average score of satisfaction with consistency, as well as item-test correlations. Scales life was 18.0 points (SD 6.4) for Group 1 and 16.1 points show good internal consistency when Cronbach’s alpha (SD 6.0) for Group 2. is greater than 0.7. In addition, Pearson correlations Table 1 Descriptive Statistics for the Satisfaction with Life Scale Items Analysis of the SWLS reliability showed internal relationships and social situations, and to physical and consistency scores of 0.917 and 0.856 for students who emotional symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disturbances had not left their usual place of residence (Group 1) and and changes in appetite. Additionally, no statistically those who had been temporarily displaced (Group 2), significant difference in life satisfaction scores was respectively. found between the two groups studied (13.8% for Similarly, we confirmed that the correlation between Group 1 and 13.3% for Group 2). It should be noted that items was significant. All items were moderately to none of the students in any of the groups were highly correlated, with values ranging from 0.563 to completely satisfied with their lives. This indicates a 0.896 across both groups (see Table 2). notable decline in the quality of life experienced by Table 3 shows the life satisfaction among university university students during the war. students during the wartime. The study’s gender-related findings were as follows: the Among students in Group 1, who did not leave their proportion of men in Group 2 who were extremely usual place of residence during the war, the proportion dissatisfied with their lives (28.6%) was significantly who were extremely dissatisfied with their lives (8.6%) higher than the proportion of women in Group 2 who and dissatisfied with their lives (17.2%) were almost were extremely dissatisfied with their lives (9.2%). This 40.0% lower than among those who did change their indicates constant feelings of sadness, anxiety and place of residence (13.0% and 23.1%, respectively). depression, as well as low self-esteem. It also indicates This manifested as a general sense of depression and a social isolation and loneliness, neglect of self-care, and lack of motivation to study. It also led to problems in feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Table 2 Inter-Item Correlation Matrix for the Satisfaction with Life Scale Items Notes. *Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. Correlations for Group 1 are shown above the diagonal and those for Group 2 are below the diagonal. 28 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Table 3 The Assessment of Life Satisfaction Levels among University Students during the Wartime Thus, life satisfaction is an integrative characteristic of being extremely dissatisfied (13.0%) or dissatisfied an individual’s living conditions. It is manifested as their (23.2%) with their lives than students who have not left perception of, and attitude towards, changes in life, and their usual place of residence. At the same time, this it determines their personal satisfaction with life. It may indicator is significantly higher among men than manifest as dissatisfaction with activities, relationships, women, which suggests that men have poorer or general well-being. War is a powerful factor that psychological well-being. negatively impacts life satisfaction. Further research aimed to determine the level of The present study showed that living in safe conditions, psychological resilience among university students, as even abroad, does not necessarily lead to high life well as the average level of resilience experienced by satisfaction. University students who are internally this group during the war. The results are shown in displaced persons and reside in Ukraine or a European Table 4. Union country are almost 40.0% more likely to report Table 4 Levels of Psychological Resilience among University Students during the Wartime A high proportion of students in the study groups compared to other gender groups. This manifests as demonstrate high or above-average psychological emotional and behavioural flexibility, and the ability to resilience, and this does not differ significantly in seek support, maintain optimism, and think positively statistical terms between the groups (Group 1: 28.5% despite the difficulties of martial law. Notably, the and 16.4%; Group 2: 18.5% and 29.6%, respectively). largest proportion of men in Group 2 have low This indicates an equal ability to withstand stress and psychological resilience (14.3%), the highest proportion emotional tension. It should be noted that the proportion of all gender groups. This manifests as difficulty in of students in Group 2 who have low psychological maintaining psychological balance, which indicates resilience is almost twice that in Group 1: specifically, mental maladjustment and hidden depression. 11.1% of students in Group 2 fall into this category, The mean level of psychological resilience is higher for compared to 6.9% in Group 1. This suggests that a students in Group 1 than for those in Group 2. The significant proportion of Group 2 students struggle to respective percentages are 25.5% and 23.6%. This adapt to stressful situations, recover from difficulties suggests that they are optimistic, positive thinkers who and setbacks, maintain a positive attitude, and perform can adapt their behaviour in different situations and find well in challenging and uncertain circumstances. new solutions to problems. At the same time, the level The results of the study show that women in Group 1 of psychological resilience is significantly higher among have higher levels of psychological resilience than men women in Group 1 (26.0%) than among men in the same in this group. This is indicated by their highest (29.7%) group (23.6%). This demonstrates their ability to adapt and lowest (6.6%) levels of psychological resilience successfully to life’s difficulties. 29 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa The lowest average psychological resilience score was than those in Group 2. Additionally, the proportion of found among men in Group 2 (23.5%). We believe this students in Group 2 with low psychological resilience is is due to the presence of acute psychogenic factors almost twice that in Group 1. The gender breakdown associated with possible mobilisation, loss of relatives, shows that women in Group 1 have a higher level of air raids and shelling, and difficulties with employment. psychological resilience (29.7%), whereas men in These factors may manifest as substance abuse, somatic Group 2 have a lower level (14.3%). These figures disorders or antisocial behaviour, and require further represent the highest and lowest levels observed across research. all gender groups. Consequently, we observed a significant decrease in the Table 5 shows the descriptive statistics for each item of psychological resilience of students who were forced to the resilience scale, including the mean, standard relocate during the war. On average, students in Group deviation, statistical sum and variance for Groups 1 1 demonstrate higher levels of psychological resilience and 2. Table 5 Descriptive Statistics for the Resilience Scale Items Analysis of the reliability of the CD-RISC-10 revealed All items had moderate to high correlations with the internal consistencies of 0.929 and 0.919 (Cronbach’s scale (item-test correlation), with values ranging from alpha) for students who had not left their usual place of 0.404 to 0.738 in both groups (see Table 6). In other residence (Group 1) and those who had been temporarily words, the item-total correlation coefficients for the CD- displaced (Group 2). Similarly, we confirmed that the RISC-10 scale were satisfactory, indicating an adequate inter-item correlation was significant. degree of item homogeneity. Table 6 Inter-Item Correlation Matrix the Resilience Scale Items Note. *Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. Correlations for Group 1 are shown above the diagonal and those for Group 2 are below the diagonal. The results for the internal consistency of the scales (the (CD-RISC-10). The significant positive strong Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Connor- correlation (r= 0.811, p<0.001) provided evidence of Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) are presented convergent validity. in Table 7. Table 7 The internal consistency results showed that the SWLS Internal Consistency for the SWLS and CD-RISC-10 and CD-RISC-10 scales had a high degree of internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values above 0.85. All item correlations were above 0.4, indicating that all items contributed well to measuring the SWLS and CD- RISC-10 scales. As we expected, validity evidence revealed a positive and significant relationship between life satisfaction scores (SWLS) and resilience scores 30 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Discussion Other scholars characterise psychological resilience as a A study of scientific publications has revealed that most process of positive adaptation and development in scientists view life satisfaction as a complex and situations that pose a significant threat to human life or multifaceted concept that reflects an individual’s overall functioning (Southwick, 2014). quality of life (Melnyk et al., 2025; Mishra & Bharti, Psychological resilience enables individuals to actively 2024; Sabatini et al., 2023). adapt to serious adversity, recover from stressors, and Stappen (2012) defined life satisfaction as a concept that maintain mental health (Meulen et al., 2020; Ssenyonga encompasses both the conditions and circumstances et al., 2013). It is a powerful personal resource that helps necessary for an individual to function fully and their individuals adapt to change after experiencing trauma, evaluation of their actual existence. enabling them to return to normal functioning. Other scientists define quality of life as comprising It should be noted that psychological resilience spiritual, material, socio-cultural, environmental, and encompasses an individual’s ability to access various demographic components. In other words, it could be resources in response to challenges (Chen et al., 2016). argued that quality of life encompasses all aspects of Some researchers have also found an association between human existence (Degroote et al., 2014; Elshaer, 2023; psychological resilience and an improved quality of life Jovanovic & Brdar, 2018). (Chow, 2021). Meanwhile, Pypenko et al. (2020) and Additionally, researchers believe that satisfaction with Melnyk et al. (2022) examined the effect of distance certain aspects of life is linked to one’s emotional attitude learning on the social and psychological well-being of towards life, oneself, and others (Veenhoven, 2001). This university students. suggests that life satisfaction encompasses positive We believe that psychological resilience is not about experiences and a positive attitude towards oneself and being protected from stress; rather, it is about a person’s others (Milewska-Buzun et al., 2023). ability to adapt well to a situation. Not everyone is We believe that life satisfaction is a state characterised by resilient, nor do they all react to failure in the same way. the fulfilment of one's current physical, psychological, The definition of psychological resilience depends on a social and spiritual needs, in line with one's life variety of factors. aspirations, opportunities, requirements and The current study found a positive correlation between expectations. resilience and life satisfaction. A significant decrease in The present study employed the Satisfaction with Life psychological resilience was observed among students in Scale (SWLS), the most widely used instrument for Group 2, who had relatively low levels of life measuring life satisfaction. Its psychometric properties satisfaction. On average, students in Group 1 had a higher (Emmerson et al., 2017) have been thoroughly analysed level of psychological resilience (25.5%) than those in worldwide. Group 2 (23.6%). Furthermore, the proportion of students Our research showed that the proportion of students who in Group 2 with low psychological stability was almost are internally displaced persons who are extremely double that in Group 1. dissatisfied (13.0%) and dissatisfied (23.2%) is almost These results are consistent with previous studies 40.0% higher than the proportion of those who did not investigating resilience and life satisfaction among leave their usual place of residence who are extremely university students in Romania (Hartley, 2012), Malaysia dissatisfied (8.6%) and dissatisfied (17.2%). These (Cazan & Truta, 2015), Greece (Samani et al., 2007) and findings are consistent with our previous research in this Saudi Arabia (Aboalshamat et al., 2018). area (Melnyk et al., 2025). Of the various factors interacting with psychological The data obtained suggest that staying in safer regions resilience, gender is a particularly important factor, as during wartime can lead to mental health and shown by the above-mentioned studies. Researchers psychological well-being disorders, despite the socio- (Allan et al., 2013; Erdogan et al., 2015; Zurita-Ortega et economic and psychological difficulties involved. al., 2018) have found that male university students tend Conversely, certain studies have suggested that to be more resilient than female students. Numerous enhancing a person’s psychological resilience can studies conducted over many years indicate that gender improve life satisfaction and psychological well-being does not affect resilience levels on the CD-RISC 10 scale. (Eisenberg et al., 2016). No statistically significant correlations were identified in Current scientific periodicals present various views on the research of Arrogante et al. (2017), Cai et al. (2019), the concept of “psychological resilience”. Mealer et al. (2016) and Yu et al. (2020). According to McGinnis (2018), resilience is the The present study revealed some interesting findings. On psychological ability to withstand and overcome average, women in Group 1 exhibited significantly adversity positively, thereby restoring the same level of greater psychological resilience than men (26.0% and well-being as before the negative event occurred. 23.6%, respectively). Meanwhile, the difference between Some researchers consider psychological resilience to be the percentage of men and women in Group 2 with this the ability to successfully adapt to life's difficulties indicator is negligible (23.5% and 23.7%, respectively). (Carril & Liébana-Presa, 2017; Yates et al., 2015). It is In our opinion, this is related to the living conditions associated with various factors, including efficiency, experienced by university students during the war. optimism, hope and a greater ability to overcome Forced displacement reduces their ability to adapt to problems, as well as greater professionalism and a more difficulties in life, regulate their emotions, communicate positive cognitive assessment (Stewart & Yuen, 2011). with others, use social connections to overcome 31 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa difficulties and maintain mental health, as well as during the war in Ukraine. These programmes should achieving success in various areas of life. Therefore, it is improve the mental well-being and learning effectiveness necessary to develop and implement psychological of university students. intervention, social assistance and support programmes Ethical Approval for university students more actively during wartime. The psychological methods and research procedure used These programmes should improve students' mental in the study were approved by the Committee on Ethics wellbeing and enhance their learning effectiveness. and Research Integrity of the Scientific Research Conclusions Institute KRPOCH (protocol no. 026-1/SRIKRPOCH The war in Ukraine is having a significant impact on the dated 10.08.2024) mental health of its citizens. Like everyone else, students are trying to adapt to the situation, either by leaving their Funding Source homes for safer regions of Ukraine or EU countries, or This research did not receive any outside funding or by staying put. 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It can be found online in the IJSA Archive https://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/arhiv This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 34