International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. Education REVIEW ARTICLE The Educational Mission of Health Culture as a Cultural Universal Author’s Contribution: A – Study design; Melnyk Y. B. 1,2 ABDEF B – Data collection; 1 C – Statistical analysis; Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “Culture of Health”, Ukraine 2 D – Data interpretation; Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Ukraine E – Manuscript preparation; Received: 05.09.2025; Accepted: 07.10.2025; Published: 25.12.2025 F – Literature search Abstract Background and As a complex interdisciplinary entity, the phenomenon of health culture is linked to a Aim of Study: wide range of scientific disciplines, as well as various categories and concepts. However, the problem of defining the place of the concept of “health culture” within the system of cultural universals, and the relationship between its components, remains unresolved. Additionally, it is important to consider the opportunities for forming a health culture, both personally and within society. The aim of the study: to explore the phenomenon of “health culture” as a cultural universal, to characterise the educational mission of health culture and to reveal ways of forming a personal health culture in an educational environment. Material and Methods: The present study summarises the author’s experience of researching health culture over more than 20 years. It covers the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of this phenomenon, focusing on the possibilities of forming a personal health culture in an educational environment through a socio-pedagogical system. The methodology of the system approach has been applied to the concept “health culture”, as well as a set of theoretical research methods: deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis, abstracting, comparison, generalisation, systematisation, interpretation of the results. Results: In this study, health culture is characterised as a cultural universal for the first time. The main methodological approaches to defining “culture” and its relationship with health culture were analysed. The connection between the definition of health culture and other concepts was determined. The structure of the hierarchy of cultural types within the concept of a universal health culture was characterised. A model of health culture of personality, as well as a model for forming a culture health of personality in the system of socio-pedagogical activity were developed. Conclusions: The educational mission of health culture is to promote the harmonious development of the individual and their conscious and responsible attitude towards their physical, mental, social and spiritual health and that of society. It also involves transferring knowledge and developing key competencies in maintaining and strengthening health, establishing moral values, preserving national traditions, satisfying cultural needs and developing human potential for the benefit of the individual, their family and society. As open social systems, educational systems have the greatest potential for forming a culture health of personality. The socio-pedagogical system proposed by the author for forming a health culture of personality in educational environments has proven highly effective. The results of empirical studies provide evidence for this. Keywords: health culture universal, types of culture, health culture of personality, educational mission of health culture, system of social and educational activities Copyright: © 2025 Melnyk Y. B. Published by Archives of International Journal of Science Annals DOI: https://doi.org/10.26697/ijsa.2025.2.2 Conflict of interests: The author declares that there is no conflict of interests Peer review: Double-blind review Source of support: This research did not receive any outside funding or support Information about Melnyk Yuriy Borysovych – https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-4638; Doctor of the author: Philosophy in Pedagogy, Affiliated Associate Professor; Chairman of Board, Kharkiv Regional Public Organization “Culture of Health” (KRPOCH); Director, Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH, Ukraine. 15 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Introduction The phenomenon of health culture is a complex foundations of our lives. The third group highlights the interdisciplinary construct with connections to a wide importance of rules that promote a certain way of life for range of scientific disciplines, various categories and culture. It is also important to consider the group in concepts. which culture is directly linked to the process of learning The scientific literature defines the essence of the and education. This classification highlights the concept of “culture” and explores its philosophical multifaceted nature of this definition, enabling us to aspects (Eshich, 1984; Florenskij, 2017; Freud, 1924; identify different aspects when studying the Gurevich, 2001; Kroeber & Kluckhohn, 1952; Stepin, phenomenon of culture and, subsequently, health 2003). The relationship between culture and health has culture. also been examined (Bertalanffy, 1959; Fromm, 1930; In education, the importance of cross-cultural Horney, 1994; Maslow, 1961; Melnyk, 2005; Rerih, perspectives is ever-growing. Multi-, inter- and/or 1992), as has the concept of “health culture” transcultural perspectives help us to understand our own (Gorashchuk, 2003; Melnyk, 2002; Shakhnenko, 2002; and other cultures (Nieke, 2008). Skumin, 1995; Svyrydenko, 2000). Based on an analytical grid, Köpfer and Proyer (2025) However, the issue of defining the place of the concept identified certain formations of how culture is of “health culture” in the system of cultural universals, articulated in relation to education: culture as a national and how its components are interrelated, remains reference; culture as a cultural-historical process and unresolved. It is also important to consider the practice; culture as a group; culture as a system of possibilities of forming a health culture. production and representation. The aim of the study. To explore the phenomenon of In order to analyse them and identify the main “health culture” as a cultural universal, to characterise approaches, let us consider several common the educational mission of health culture and to reveal interpretations of culture. ways of forming a personal health culture in an Culture is a system of supra-biological programmes that educational environment. govern human behaviour and communication. These programmes are historically developed and are a Materials and Methods prerequisite for the reproduction and change of social In this paper, we summarise over 20 years of our own life in all its main manifestations. This definition research experience into health culture, focusing on both emphasises that culture is a supra-biological system of the theoretical and applied aspects of the phenomenon. activity that is transmitted historically in the social We also explore the possibilities for forming a health experience of humanity. This definition of culture is culture in educational environments. primarily found in philosophical and encyclopaedic The present study employed the system approach dictionaries. This view is typical of philosophers, methodology, as well as the following theoretical educators, and other scholars who emphasise the research methods: deduction and induction; analysis and importance of social factors. synthesis; abstraction; comparison; generalisation; Here are some common definitions. Culture is the systematisation; and interpretation of results. totality of a society’s practical, material and spiritual achievements, reflecting its historical development and Results and Discussion the results of its productive activity. Culture is a concept The term “health culture” is a two-part term (term- that reflects the symbolic, non-biological, i.e. acquired, phrase) whose components have independent meanings. aspects of human society. This requires us to consider the definitions of “culture” However, it should be noted that there is also an and “health”. opposing view in psychology, particularly among Numerous definitions of the concept of culture can be psychoanalysts. found in scientific publications on philosophy, Culture, in particular, is the sum total of the sociology, cultural studies, psychology and pedagogy. achievements and institutions that distinguish our lives The concept of “culture” first appeared in the study “De from those of our animal ancestors, serving the purposes jure naturae et gentium” (1672) by the German lawyer of protection from nature and the regulation of and historian Samuel von Pufendorf. This scientist used relationships (Freud, 1924). According to Freud, culture this term to refer to a person who was raised in society is not the result of social progress, but rather a product (artificial man), as opposed to a person who was not of biological instinct. educated (natural man). So, not only do scientists’ understandings of the concept By the end of the 20th century, more than four hundred of culture differ in essence, they also point to the different definitions of culture had already been existence of diametrically opposed views. recorded (Polishhuk, 1993). Consequently, the concept of “culture” needs to be In 1952, Kroeber and Kluckhohn attempted to classify analysed in more detail to further substantiate the definitions of culture, dividing them into ten groups. The essence of “health culture”. first group contains descriptive definitions. The second One of the most obvious ways to analyse the concept of group emphasises the importance of social heritage and “culture” is to consider it within the context of traditions, pointing out that culture is a socially inherited fundamental philosophical approaches as a cultural set of practices and beliefs that determines the universal. 16 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Gurevich (2001) identified the following “specific These probably included human characteristics, traits approaches”: philosophical-anthropological, and behavioural patterns that are of significant value for philosophical-historical, and sociological. survival and evolutionary adaptation. The philosophical-anthropological approach considers Brown (2004) observed that universal human concepts culture to be an expression of human nature, evaluating in the cultural sphere include legends, myths, everyday it as a comprehensive phenomenology of humanity. A life, rules and body adornments, among others. consistent philosophical-anthropological approach to In the social sphere, universals include the division of culture is rarely used. This is related to the labour, social groups, age classification, the family and understanding of the phenomenon of culture, which kinship systems, and cooperation. cannot be derived from the biological nature of humans. In the sphere of the psyche, universals include thinking, The philosophical-historical approach aims to reveal the emotions and fear, as well as psychological defence mechanisms behind the emergence of human history mechanisms. itself. Based on the philosophical idea of anthropology, In the behavioural sphere, universals include gestures, this approach is often referred to as “activity-based”. aggression and facial expressions. The sociological approach interprets culture as a factor It should be noted that there are many universal concepts in the organisation and way of life of any society. This that are difficult to classify for a particular specified approach is based on two premises: first that every area. This is because they can be interpreted society has its own culture; and second that every person simultaneously as social, cultural and linguistic. For is cultural, in the sense that they live in one culture or example, turn-taking in conversation is simultaneously another. a linguistic, social, and behavioural universals. An analysis of publications on this topic reveals that Some anthropologists question the existence of cultural researchers attempting to define culture have done so universals, instead adhering to the viewpoint of cultural within the aforementioned approaches. This is primarily relativism. Cultural relativism suggests that behaviour because of their approach to studying the phenomenon and beliefs should be understood in relation to an of culture. individual’s own culture rather than being compared Exploring the essence of the concept of “culture”, with the criteria of other people, groups, or society as a Hrynova (1998) argues that “since it is practically whole, since significant differences in perceptual impossible to exhaust all aspects of culture, none of the abilities and reasoning strategies exist among different existing approaches can claim to formulate an cultural groups (Cordaro et al., 2018; Floyd et al., 2018). exhaustive definition of it”. We agree with this opinion. We believe this perspective is important for Therefore, rather than clarifying the concept of “culture” distinguishing between the various levels of health itself, it is necessary to clarify the approaches, concepts culture. However, it should also be borne in mind that and paradigms within which the concept of “health there are stable cross-cultural universals, regardless of culture” will be considered. cultural differences. Eshich (1984) identified seven main types of cultural The most significant finding of the present study is that concept: object-value, activity-based, personality- there are cross-cultural similarities in the way that attributive, social-attributive, information-symbolic and perceptual experience is conceptualised. system-forming subsystems of society. We believe that Stepin (2003, p. 528) identified two large, interrelated all of the above cultural concepts can be used to some blocks of cultural universals. These blocks are always extent as they are all relevant to the concept of “health mutually correlated, expressing the connections culture”. However, new views on the classification of between subject-object and subject-subject relationships cultural concepts and ideas have emerged at the in human life. beginning of the 21st century. The first block of cultural universals includes categories Among existing approaches to the classification of that encapsulate the most common, attributive cultural concepts and ideas, Stepin’s (2003) study characteristics of objects involved in human activity. should be considered. Stepin (2003) observed that, The following categories are used to record their despite their dynamism and relative independence, attributive characteristics: “activity”, “content”, cultural phenomena at all levels are organised into a “quantity”, “measure”, “time”, “movement”, “relation”, coherent system, with the fundamental principles of “randomness”, “necessity”, etc. each culture serving as the system-forming factor. They The second block of cultural universals encompasses are represented by worldview universals, or categories categories that, in the most generalised form, capture the of culture. These interact and interconnect to form a historically accumulated experience of an individual’s holistic, generalised image of the human world. inclusion in systems of social relations and According to Brown (1991; 2000), human universals are communication. It includes categories such as features of culture, society, language, behaviour and “knowledge”, “beauty”, “freedom”, “conscience”, psychology that are found throughout the world in every “duty” and “society”, among others. cultural group and for which there are no known Analysing the phenomenon of culture in accordance exceptions. He identified hundreds of universal with the two blocks of universals presented above has concepts, which he divided into several groups enabled us to identify the main approaches and including language, cognition, society, beliefs and paradigms through which we believe the phenomenon technology. of “health culture” should be considered. 17 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Let us take a closer look at one aspect of understanding 1994; Maslow, 1961; Melnyk, 2005; Roerich, 1992; culture that is directly relevant to clarifying the essence Skumin, 1995). of the “health culture” phenomenon. In this context, Representatives of neo-Freudianism, such as Fromm culture is defined as the sum total of society’s (1930) and Horney (1994), identified the origins of achievements, as something man-made, created by culture’s negative impact on mental health. They believe humans. that neuroses are caused not only by individual This is a traditional philosophical view, in which culture experiences, but also by the specific cultural conditions is understood as “second nature”. in which a person lives. Gurevich (2001) observed that there are clear Horney (1994) emphasised the importance of the family contradictions in the traditional view of culture as atmosphere in which a child grows up. She highlighted “second nature”. By interpreting culture as something cultural conditions that produce neurosis, namely superimposed on nature, researchers have created a specific factors in the child’s environment that inhibit sense of mutual alienation. The following paradoxical their mental development. line of thought arises: in order to create culture, one must Bertalanffy (1959) emphasised that a person’s health be as far removed from nature as possible. Does this depends on the culture in which they are raised and live. view of cultural creativity lead to a predatory and He noted that culture is not just a toy for humans as destructive attitude towards nature? Above all, culture is animals, or a luxury for the intelligentsia. It is the true a natural phenomenon because its creator, humans, are backbone of society and an important psychohygienic biological creatures. factor, among other things. Florensky (2017) believed that culture and nature do not The connection between culture and health is a theme exist in isolation from each other. In other words, they that Helena and Nicholas Roerichs repeatedly highlight co-exist because culture has never been given to us in their publications. Roerichs (1992) noted that without its own natural foundation, which serves as its physical exercise outdoors is certainly beneficial to a environment and material. Every cultural phenomenon certain extent. is rooted in a natural phenomenon that has been shaped However, healing the body requires a more caring by culture. As a bearer of culture, humans do not create approach than merely regulating the stomach or anything; they only shape and transform what is already participating in primitive and often one-sided sports. there. Human beings are drawn to culture. We agree with Gurevich, Florensky and others that there Considering the essence of health and culture, Roerichs is an interconnection between culture and nature. We asserted that if they were told they cared only about the therefore consider it appropriate to apply this thesis spiritual realm when discussing culture, they would when defining health culture. respond, “No, we also care about the body, so that it is Questions may arise about the relationship between truly healthy and in line with the requirements of true culture and health, and how they can become culture.” In other words, Roerichs pointed to the disconnected from each other. synthesis of the concepts of health and culture, body and It is worth mentioning the humanistic psychologists who spirit. Bright minds call for creative synthesis, in which were wary of culture. Maslow (1961) suggested that a the old adage “in corpore sano mens sana” takes on sign of a healthy individual is the ability to resist special significance, and one can truly understand that a “acculturation”, or the defence of one’s own pure creative spirit is the inhabitant of a pure, healthy developmental tendencies against cultural influences. body. For the same reasons as culture and nature, we believe Skumin (1995) shared this opinion, noting that health that culture and health are also dialectically interrelated, culture is a creative synthesis of the lofty concepts of if health is understood as something that is potentially culture and health. He added that the development of the given to us from birth (we mean not only physical world-bearing, spiritual principle as a truly human condition, but all spheres of human existence), i.e. quality is the only way to achieve spiritual and human something natural, and culture is understood as the health, rather than animalistic health. totality of social achievements, i.e. something man- We consider culture and health to be two interrelated made. phenomena because humans create a health culture, The configuration of diverse knowledge and views on which creates the preconditions for human development culture and health indicates that there is a close and the preservation and strengthening of health. connection and interdependence between culture and Therefore, an individual’s health depends directly on health. their personal level of culture, particularly health Analysing publications in philosophy, sociology, culture, which is the foundation for their further cultural studies, medicine, psychology, and pedagogy development at all levels. allows us to examine the views of scholars on the role of Previous studies (Melnyk, 2002; 2004a; 2004b; 2005) culture in preserving and strengthening personal health. have thoroughly examined the connection between the The interconnection and interdependence between definition of health culture and related concepts such as culture and health is reflected in publications by physical, psychological, social and spiritual culture, and educators, psychologists, psychiatrists, medics, physical, mental, social and spiritual health. physiologists, sociologists, cultural scholars, and other These are all components of an individual’s health scientists (Bertalanffy, 1959; Fromm, 1930; Horney, culture (Figure 1). 18 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa Figure 1 Connection between Definition of Health Culture and Other Concepts Analysing the definitions of “culture” and “health”, of specialised knowledge and theories of cognition comparing and contrasting them, clarifying their content based on the categorical opposition of “subject–object” and interrelationship, and analysing the definition of (the gnoseological aspect). The distinctive features of “health culture” allows us to identify the paradigms the concept of health culture are the spheres of an (“human-oriented” (anthropological) and “knowledge- individual's life in both their diversity and unity (the based”) within which the phenomenon of “health anthropological aspect), a person's attitude towards culture” is considered. Based on these paradigms, we health and life as the highest value (the axiological will classify the above definitions of “health culture” aspect), and an understanding of the essence of being and identify the essential aspects of the concept. (the ontological aspect). On this basis, we clarify and Within the “knowledge-based” paradigm, Skumin expand the essence of the concept of “health culture”. (1995) and Shakhnenko (2002) provided definitions of Health culture is a component of human culture that “health culture”, as did Gorashchuk (2003) and includes a totality of knowledge in the philosophical, Svyrydenko (2000) within the “human-oriented” pedagogical, psychological, and medical fields, e It paradigm. enriches an individual’s spiritual, social, mental and It should be noted that the essence of health culture is physical life, contributes to the formation of a personal paradigmatic, indicating the possibility of using multiple attitude towards health and life, and helps a person paradigms to study this phenomenon. Taking this aspect comprehend the paradigms of existence (Melnyk, 2002). of the “health culture” phenomenon into account ensures The concept is fixed and limited in meaning due to the objectivity of research into its essence, as well as the certain aspects, which is important when considering the validity of models, technologies, etc. principle of unambiguity. When analysing the concept Therefore, it is necessary to specify research paradigms of health culture, it is important to note that it reveals its and conduct an aspectual analysis of the concept of essence adequately and logically. Firstly, we took into health culture, clarifying its essential characteristics. It account the laws of logic when organising the material. is also necessary to identify aspects of studying this Secondly, we considered “lexical” factors when phenomenon in accordance with the scientific field and unifying the material. Thirdly, we did not use research problem. borrowings from different languages. The concept of The above paradigms, which scientists have used to health culture is important in terms of term formation, study the phenomenon of health culture, should not be or derivation – the ability to form concepts of a higher opposed, but rather combined. In the present study, we or lower rank from a concept of the same rank. rely on both paradigms: the “knowledge-based” Analysing the concepts of health, culture and paradigm is used to clarify the meaning of the concept personality has made it possible to introduce the concept of “health culture”, while the “human-oriented” of “personal health culture” into scientific discourse. paradigm is used to define the concept of “personal Personal health culture is an integrated personal health culture” and justify models, technologies and formation that determines the harmonious development systems. of all components of the human personality, promotes The logic behind the concept of health culture and its the integrity of relationships between all its spheres, and aspectual analysis in philosophical terms has allowed us stimulates self-knowledge, self-improvement, and to identify the following aspects: gnoseological, creative activity. anthropological, axiological, and ontological. By components of human personality, we mean the The generic feature of the concept of health culture is physical, mental, social, and spiritual aspects of a that it is a component of human culture comprising a set person, and by spheres, we mean the motivational, 19 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa cognitive, affective, value-based, and behavioural culture of a personality (Figure 2), as well as its further spheres (Melnyk, 2004). This definition formed the practical application, primarily in the field of education basis for developing a theoretical model for the health (Melnyk, 2017; 2019). Figure 2 The Model for the Health Culture of Personality (Melnyk, 2004b) The four components of personal health culture – Figure 3 physical, mental, social and spiritual health – are closely The Structure of the Hierarchy of Cultural Types within interrelated. They are correlated, i.e. changes in one lead the Universal of Health Culture to changes in the others. For example, a person who devotes a lot of time to physical development, such as playing sports, may find that it affects their mental development. This influence can have positive or negative effects. For example, a person with the above- mentioned personality may become more determined, but experience a decline in intellectual development. In this example, we are not referring to intellectual sports. Other factors to take into account include sports, age and individual psychological characteristics. Previous studies have described the structural scheme of the hierarchy of health components and their dialectical interrelationship (Melnyk, 2004a; 2004b; 2005). Drawing on the main methodological and theoretical principles of these studies, and considering culture and health as interrelated phenomena, we have created a schematic representation of the hierarchical structure of types of culture within the health culture universal (see Figure 3). 20 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa As a cultural universal, health culture is closely linked and developed a socio-pedagogical system for forming to the most important human needs: physical (preserving a health culture of the individual – an invariant social life and strengthening health), psychological system characterised by specially organised socio- (developing the individual’s cognitive processes), social pedagogical activities within a socio-cultural (interacting with and building relationships with people, environment and ensuring the development of a health social structures), and spiritual (art, religion). culture among individuals in accordance with their The specific content of a universal health culture can specific characteristics (age-related, individual) differ from one country or society to another. However, (Melnyk, 2008). the education system is the one place where this Creating of a socio-pedagogical system for forming a universal principle is most clearly expressed in all health culture among individuals required defining its countries and societies. components, functions, structure, level of application, As a cultural universal, health culture has its own etc. The socio-pedagogical system has the following educational mission. The educational mission of health levels: personal, group (class or group), educational culture is to promote the harmonious development of institution level (primary, secondary, higher), the individual and their conscious and responsible educational institution type (secondary school, attitude towards their physical, mental, social and university), territorial community (area of residence), spiritual health and that of society. It also involves society (individual region), education system (state). transferring knowledge and developing key Thus, the theoretical and methodological justification competencies in maintaining and strengthening health, enabled us to identify the hierarchy of levels of health establishing moral values, preserving national traditions, culture within society, as well as the system of socio- satisfying cultural needs and developing human pedagogical activities involved in the formation of potential for the benefit of the individual, their family personal health culture (Melnyk, 2010). In accordance and society. with these levels, a model for the formation of personal Based on theoretical and methodological developments, health culture in the system of socio-pedagogical we expanded the conceptual and categorical apparatus activity has been developed (Figure 4). Figure 4 Model of Forming a Health Culture of Personality in the System of Socio-Pedagogical Activity 21 International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa The model illustrates how social institutions interact methodology and the establishment of health culture as a within society to solve identified problems. There is an universal cultural feature. interconnection between social institutions at different The theoretical and methodological foundations levels, which ensures the integrity and purposefulness of developed, along with the technological and socio-pedagogical activities in the formation of a culture methodological support, have been proven effective of personal health. through experimentation and can be used to promote a Based on a study of publications on the application of culture of personal health in educational environments. technologies in education, an integrated socio- The multifaceted and multidimensional nature of the pedagogical technology for the formation of a health phenomenon of health culture and the new realities of culture of the individual has been substantiated (Melnyk, distance education and online learning open up great 2012). This multi-level technology was implemented as prospects for research in this area, as well as for the an organisational and managerial tool to promote a establishment of the phenomenon of health culture as an culture of health in social and educational activities, as independent scientific field. well as a pedagogical technology to establish the foundations of a culture of health in individuals. Ethical Approval The implementation of the developed technology has The research procedure used in the study were approved contributed to the introduction of educational by the Committee on Ethics and Research Integrity of the programmes and courses on “Health Culture” in Scientific Research Institute KRPOCH (protocol no. educational institutions (schools, gymnasiums, 026-2/SRIKRPOCH dated 10.08.2024) universities), “Basics of Health Culture”, comprehensive targeted programmes and systems of educational work on Funding Source the formation of personal health culture, methods of This research did not receive any outside funding or researching levels of health culture, etc. (Melnyk, 2012). support. Publications by Melnyk (2017; 2019) highlight the main provisions for implementing the socio-pedagogical References system for shaping a culture of personal health, as well Bertalanffy, L. V. (1959). Human values in a changing as the results obtained in empirical studies. world. In A. H. 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It can be found online in the IJSA Archive https://ijsa.culturehealth.org/en/arhiv This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). 24