Page 24 - IJSA, Vol. 6, No 2, 2023

International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023
рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa

The primary subscale of coping strategies includes the listed on the survey, indicating their choices as follows:
following items: Problem Solving (PS), Cognitive 1 = “Never”, 2 = “Seldom”, 3 = “Sometimes”,
Restructuring (CR), Express Emotions (EE), Social 4 = “Often” and 5 = “Almost Always”. Higher scores
Support (SS), Problem Avoidance (PA), Wishful reflect greater use of the relevant coping strategy.
Thinking (WT), Self-Criticism (SC), and Social Statistical analysis were calculated using SPSS 27.0
Withdrawal (SW). The secondary subscale of coping software. The data collected were analyzed using
strategies includes the following items: Problem- descriptive statistics procedures, using frequencies,
Focused Engagement (PFE), Problem-Focused means and standard deviations. Internal consistency was
Disengagement (PFD), Emotion-Focused Engagement assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. To assess the
(EFE), and Emotion-Focused Disengagement (EFD). associations between the scales, the Pearson correlation
The tertiary subscale of coping strategies includes the coefficient was calculated.
first tier items: Engagement (E) and Disengagement (D),
as well as the second tier items: problem-focused and Results
emotion-focused engagement, problem-focused and Mean scores for all items and the global summary
emotion-focused disengagement. measures were calculated according to the first
To calculate the secondary and tertiary subscale scores, technique (PGWBI). The general results of
the scores of the relevant items on the primary subscale psychological well-being by the scales of anxiety,
are summed. Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert depressive mood, positive well-being, self-control,
scale. Respondents were asked to rate the overall general health, and vitality of Ukrainian universities
frequency with which they use each coping strategy students during the war are shown in Table 1.

Table 1
The Scores of Psychological Well-Being by Domains (Anxiety, Depressive Mood, Positive Well-Being, Self-Control,
General Health, and Vitality) for Students of the Ukrainian Universities during the War (Points)

Depressive Positive Self- General
Group Anxiety Vitality Global
Mood Well-Being Control Health
Group 1 52.7 60.6 52.4 54.4 62.7 52.4 55.1
Group 2 55.5 65.6 56.0 66.0 70.7 54.0 60.1
Group 3 58.6 71.8 58.4 68.7 74.1 56.6 63.5

Anxiety in students is related to the perception of tension measures fear of illness and/or feeling too tired to study,
and worry. The highest scores (less anxiety) on the ANX which can interfere with learning. Students in Group 3
scale were found among students in Group 3 scored the highest on the GH scale (74.1 points), which
(58.6 points), which is lower than the scores of Group 2 is significantly higher than the scores of Group 1
(55.5 points). The lowest scores (more anxiety) were (62.7 points) and Group 2 (70.7 points).
shown by students in Group 1 (52.7 points). Vitality assesses mental and physical fatigue, apathy,
Depressive mood is a state of low mood and feelings of loss of energy, and activity. According to the VT scale,
sadness and despair that can be caused by sleep the scores for the three groups of respondents did not
disturbance and fatigue during war. Major depression differ significantly. The lowest scores (lower vitality)
may be a risk factor for suicide. The lowest scores on the were for students in Group 1 (52.4 points), and the
DEP scale (with depression) were observed among highest scores were for students in Group 3
students in Group 1 (60.6 points), and the highest scores (56.6 points).
(without depression) were observed among students in The highest level of distress (the lowest level of
Group 3 (71.8 points). The data showed a significant PGWBI) was found among students in Group 1
difference (p<0.05) between these groups. (55.1 points). Students in Groups 2 and 3 had lower
Positive well-being refers to satisfaction with learning, scores (60.1 and 63.5 points, respectively), which
work, and daily activities. The data obtained did not corresponds to moderate distress.
show a significant difference between the groups A comparison of gender differences (Figure 1) showed
studied. Students in Group 1 perceived their learning that male students scored higher than female students on
and living conditions as more unsatisfactory than other almost all indicators of PGWBI technique, indicating a
groups, while students in Group 3 had the highest scores higher level of psychological well-being.
on the PWB scale (58.4 points). At the same time, female participants in Groups 2 and 3
Self-control means having the ability to control your scored higher on the DEP scale (66.8 and 72.2 points)
emotions, behaviors, desires, confidence, and need to than male participants (59.7 and 69.6 points). This
make difficult decisions. According to the SC scale, indicates a low level of depression and stress. It should
significant differences were found between students of also be noted that women in Group 1 have rather low
Group 1 and Groups 2, 3 (54.4 and 66.0, 68.7 points, scores on the ANX (50.3 points), PWB (49.7 points), SC
respectively). Students in Group 1 had the lowest scores (53.4 points), and VT (47.9 points) scales. This indicates
(less self-control). their great distress. The absence of distress on the GH
General health characterizes perceptions of health and scale was shown by men of all groups, indicating their

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