Page 38 - IJSA, Vol. 6, No 1, 2023

International Journal of Science Annals, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023
рrint ISSN: 2617-2682; online ISSN: 2707-3637; DOI:10.26697/ijsa

known as dyslipidemia) is a major, controllable risk A 7-year follow-up study on Finnish males revealed that
factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Kannel et al., dyslipidemia, a component of the metabolic syndrome,
1971). Abnormal serum lipid and lipoprotein levels have foreshadowed the onset of hypertension (Laaksonen et
been identified as independent risk factors for essential al., 2008). Furthermore, Halperin et al. (2006) have
hypertension, giving rise to the term “dyslipidemic shown that hypertension is brought on by dyslipidemia in
hypertension” (Williams et al., 1988). In subjects with people who appear to be in good health. According to
essential hypertension, we found that all of the lipid Hausmann et al., people who have elevated TG levels
parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density along with low HDL-C have more widespread coronary
lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein atheromas than people who only have elevated LDL-C
cholesterol) were significantly higher than in controls, (Hausmann et al., 1996).
except for HDL, which was significantly lower. These Numerous studies have demonstrated the significance of
results are consistent with the studies done by Mahapatro apolipoproteins- Apo A1 & Apo B100, the two main
et al. (2020) and Nayak et al. (2016). Osuji et al. (2012) apolipoproteins for lipid transport in the processes of
also found such a type of dyslipidemic pattern in atherosclerosis and its consequences (Luc et al., 2002;
hypertensive subjects compared to control subjects. In Meisinger et al., 2005; Walldius et al., 2001; Yusuf et al.,
addition, we found a significant positive association of 2004). However, the association between apolipoprotein
TC, TG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C with both systolic and levels and the risk of hypertension has only been
diastolic blood pressures in essential hypertension discovered in a few studies. Nayak et al. (2016) observed
subjects whereas HDL-C was significantly negatively a non-significant fall in the value of serum Apo A1 in the
associated with SBP and DBP in cases of essential hypertensive patients when compared to controls
hypertension. Hypertension and dyslipidemia are both whereas a significant increasing trend was observed in
well-known contributors to the development of the levels of Apo B100 from the control group to Stage I
cardiovascular disease (Carmena et al., 2004; Gotto, and Stage II hypertensive patients reflecting its
2005). Endothelial dysfunction, which is exacerbated by contributing role as a cardiovascular risk marker.
dyslipidemia, is a major contributor to the etiology of Consistent with these results, we found that people with
several cardiovascular disease risk factors, including essential hypertension had significantly higher levels of
atherosclerosis, thrombosis, insulin resistance, and Apo B100 and lower levels of Apo A1 than controls. In
hypertension. Endothelial cells are known to be addition, apo A1 was significantly inversely correlated
negatively affected by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with both SBP and DBP in essential hypertensive
cholesterol and lipoproteins high in triglycerides, while individuals, while Apo B 100 was positively correlated
high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol may have with both. In our study, the Apo B100/Apo A1 ratio was
protective effects (O’Connell & Genest, 2001). also increased significantly in essential hypertension
Macrovascular problems like coronary heart disease subjects compared to controls and the ratio of Apo
(CHD) and stroke have been linked to elevated blood B100/Apo A1 was significantly and positively associated
cholesterol levels (Albuche et al., 2000). Lewis suggested with both SBP and DBP, which is in accordance with
that blood TC in the range of 5.0-6.5mmol/L may be Nayak et al. (2016). Similarly, Lee et al. (1986), found
regarded as undesirable due to the increased risk of higher levels of Apo B100/Apo A1 ratio in hypertensive
coronary heart disease when the cholesterol level reaches subjects compared to controls but was statistically
5.0 mmol, as observed in various epidemiological studies insignificant. Even, the severity of atherosclerosis was
(Lewis, 1986; McGill, 1968). Low HDL levels are found to have a strong correlation with serum Apo B in a
associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular normolipidemic subgroup, according to the findings of
disease, albeit the reasons why are not well understood. Haidari et al. (2001). After controlling for the impact of
According to experiments, HDL-C helps increase the gender, age, smoking, and hypertension, Sabino et al.
outflow of cholesterol from foam cells in vascular (2008), observed that both the Apo B level and the Apo
atherosclerotic plaque depots to the liver, where it may B/A1 ratio independently linked with peripheral
be broken down and eliminated. HDL-C also possesses atherosclerosis and brain stroke. The ApoB/ApoA-I ratio
powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant is widely acknowledged as a more accurate predictor of
characteristics, which lower the likelihood of developing cardiovascular risk than other conventional lipid markers
atherosclerosis (Barter et al., 2004; Mackness et al., (Montali et al., 2015). Therefore, essential hypertensive
2000). It has also been shown that the existence of people with dyslipidemia and an elevated Apo B100/Apo
additional atherogenic risk factors is linked to a low A1 ratio are at an increased risk for the development of
HDL-C level. According to Pavithran et al. (2007), cardiovascular disease.
modifications in lipid metabolism, including a drop in
HDL-C, might result in endothelial damage and Conclusions
increased blood pressure, which may help to partially The present study demonstrated that essential
explain why it has such a high predictive value for hypertension is characterized by dyslipidemia (increased
coronary heart disease. It is well known that dyslipidemia total cholesterol, TG, LDL, and decreased HDL),
and hypertension frequently coexist. This relationship alteration in apolipoproteins levels (increased Apo B100
has been attributed to underlying central obesity and the and decreased Apo A1), and their ratio (increased Apo
accompanying insulin resistance, which are crucial to the B100/Apo A1 ratio), suggesting that high blood pressure
pathophysiology of both hypertension and dyslipidemia. may be responsible for disturbances in lipoprotein

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